ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2004
Long-term reinfection of the human genome by endogenous retroviruses.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 220 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
220 citing papers in PubMed, 418 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Syncytin-a deficiency compromises murine sperm function by suppressing PRL/PGE2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.iScience · 2026Article
- Dynamics of Human Endogenous Retroviruses Expression, Proviral Load and Systemic Inflammatory Status Modulated by Physical Exercise and Aging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- HERVOminer: a sequence similarity-based approach for recognizing endogenous retrovirus origin of the peptidome.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Retroviral Remnants in the Human Genome: Classification, Integration and Regulation.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex-Specific ORFs in Marine Clams (Bivalvia: Veneridae) with Doubly Uniparental Inheritance: Exploring Their Origin and Putative Function.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Anti-Human Endogenous Retrovirus and Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Humoral Response in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Case Control Study.Microbiology and immunology · 2025Article
- Structural and Evolutionary Analysis ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Endogenous Retroviruses in Host-Virus Coevolution: From Genomic Domestication to Functional Innovation.Genes · 2025Review
- The Role of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Initiation and Progression of Melanoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Co-option of an endogenous retrovirus (LTR7-HERVH) in early human embryogenesis: becoming useful and going unnoticed.Mobile DNA · 2025Review
- EZH2 inhibition and 5-azacytidine enhance antitumor immunity in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma by activation viral mimicry response.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Human Endogenous Retrovirus K in Astrocytes Is Altered in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Article
- Activation of endogenous retroviruses characterizes the maternal-fetal interface in the BTBR mouse model of autism spectrum disorder.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mutation Rate Variation and Other Challenges in 2-LTR Dating of Primate Endogenous Retrovirus Integrations.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Review
- Expression profiles of TNF-Alpha and HERV-K Env proteins in multiple types of colon and lung disease.Genes & genomics · 2025Article
- The gut and circulating virome: emerging players in aging and longevity.Frontiers in aging · 2025Review
- Pathophysiological significance and modulation of the transient receptor potential canonical 3 ion channel.Medicinal research reviews · 2024Review
- Early human migration determines the risk of being attacked by wolves: ethnic gene diversity on the development of systemic lupus erythematosus.Journal of rheumatic diseases · 2024Review
160 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Endogenous retrovirus (ERV) families are derived from their exogenous counterparts by means of a process of germ-line infection and proliferation within the host genome. Several families in the human and mouse genomes now consist of many hundreds of elements and, although several candidates have been proposed, the mechanism behind this proliferation has remained uncertain. To investigate this mechanism, we reconstructed the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes and the acquisition of stop codons during the evolution of the human ERV family HERV-K(HML2). We show that all genes, including the env gene, which is necessary only for movement between cells, have been under continuous purifying selection. This finding strongly suggests that the proliferation of this family has been almost entirely due to germ-line reinfection, rather than retrotransposition in cis or complementation in trans, and that an infectious pool of endogenous retroviruses has persisted within the primate lineage throughout the past 30 million years. Because many elements within this pool would have been unfixed, it is possible that the HERV-K(HML2) family still contains infectious elements at present, despite their apparent absence in the human genome sequence. Analysis of the env gene of eight other HERV families indicated that reinfection is likely to be the most common mechanism by which endogenous retroviruses proliferate in their hosts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.