Drug therapy in transplant recipients: special considerations in the elderly with comorbid conditions.

Elderly patients with end-stage organ failure are now more frequently undergoing transplantation. Medication management in this population is challenging because of the combination of multiple comorbidities, polypharmacy, and immunological, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes attributable to the aging process. Immunosuppressive medications can exacerbate pre-existing medical conditions and promote the development of disease processes. Cardiovascular disorders, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and arrhythmias are common in elderly transplant recipients, and account for most of the deaths in this population. Blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol control is of particular concern because elderly transplant recipients frequently have or develop these complications. Elderly transplant recipients are commonly receiving anticoagulation therapy with warfarin and are at a higher risk of bleeding, especially if they have renal dysfunction. Infectious complications occur frequently in the transplanted population, with pneumonia being the most common infection seen in hospitalised patients. Attention to vaccination for the prevention of influenza and pneumococcal infections is important because of the increased risk of these diseases in this population. Depression itself has been associated with decreased survival in older individuals, and depression in elderly transplant recipients may be reversible with the administration of pharmacological agents. Effective long-term care of transplant recipients demands an understanding of how particular medications affect clinical evaluation and treatment. This article addresses some of the practical issues surrounding medication management and prevention of these particular problems in elderly transplant recipients.