ReviewJournal of anatomy2004
Perspectives on hyperphalangy: patterns and processes.
Review in Journal of anatomy, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Highly aquatic marine stem archosaur with soft tissue preservation.Science advances · 2026Article
- Changes in Evolutionary Developmental Control Points in the Amniote Limb May Explain Hyperphalangy.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Relaxed selection in evolution of genes regulating limb development gives clue to variation in forelimb morphology of cetaceans and other mammals.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Self-organized BMP signaling dynamics underlie the development and evolution of digit segmentation patterns in birds and mammals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Comparative embryology of Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale), Balaena mysticetus (bowhead whale), and Stenella attenuata (pan-tropical spotted dolphin) (Cetacea: Mammalia).Journal of morphology · 2023Article
- A new long-snouted marine reptile from the Middle Triassic of China illuminates pachypleurosauroid evolution.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The role of timing in the development and evolution of the limb.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Evolutionary genetics of flipper forelimb and hindlimb loss from limb development-related genes in cetaceans.BMC genomics · 2022Article
- Fingers zipped up or baby mittens? Two main tetrapod strategies to return to the sea.Biology letters · 2020Article
- A dot-stripe Turing model of joint patterning in the tetrapod limb.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2020Article
- A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the developing chicken limb.BMC genomics · 2019Article
- John Saunders' ZPA, Sonic hedgehog and digit identity - How does it really all work?Developmental biology · 2017Review
- An interdigit signalling centre instructs coordinate phalanx-joint formation governed by 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism.Nature communications · 2016Article
- Evidence for an amphibian sixth digit.Zoological letters · 2015Article
- Tracing the evolution of avian wing digits.Current biology : CB · 2013Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hyperphalangy is a digit morphology in which increased numbers of phalanges are arranged linearly within a digit beyond the plesiomorphic condition. We analyse patterns and processes of hyperphalangy by considering previous definitions and occurrences of hyperphalangy among terrestrial and secondarily aquatic extant and fossil taxa (cetaceans, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs), and recent studies that elucidate the factors involved in terrestrial autopod joint induction. Extreme hyperphalangy, defined as exceeding a threshold condition of 4/6/6/6/6, is shown only to be found among secondarily aquatic vertebrates with a flipper limb morphology. Based on this definition, hyperphalangy occurs exclusively in digits II and III among extant cetaceans. Previous reports of cetacean embryos having more phalanges than adults is clarified and shown to be based on cartilaginous elements not ossified phalanges. Developmental prerequisites for hyperphalangy include lack of cell death in interdigital mesoderm (producing a flipper limb) and maintenance of a secondary apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which initiates digit elongation and extra joint patterning. Factors of the limb-patterning pathways located in the interdigital mesoderm, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), BMP antagonists, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5), Wnt-14 and ck-erg, are implicated in maintenance of the flipper limb, secondary AER formation, digit elongation and additional joint induction leading to hyperphalangy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.