ArticleImmunology2004
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 are present inside human dendritic cells, associated with microtubules and the Golgi apparatus but are not detectable on the cell surface: integrity of microtubules is required for interleukin-12 production in response to internalized bacteria.
Article in Immunology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis: cellular mechanisms and immune modulation.Veterinary research · 2025Review
- The Role and Potential Application of IL-12 in the Immune Regulation of Tuberculosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Regulation of ubiquitination in sepsis: from PAMP versus DAMP to peripheral inflammation and cell death.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Coelomocytes of the Oligochaeta earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) as evolutionary key of defense: a morphological study.Zoological letters · 2023Article
- The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases.Molecular aspects of medicine · 2022Review
- Review
- TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2021Review
- Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and their endogenous negative regulators as future immunomodulatory targets.International immunopharmacology · 2020Review
- The effect of smoking on clinical presentation and expression of TLR-2 and CD34 in Oral lichen Planus patients: clinical and immunohistochemical study.BMC oral health · 2020Article
- Mutant Huntingtin affects toll-like receptor 4 intracellular trafficking and cytokine production in mast cells.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Article
- Article
- A mathematical model relates intracellular TLR4 oscillations to sepsis progression.BMC research notes · 2018Article
- Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future.International immunopharmacology · 2018Review
- Specific features of human monocytes activation by monophosphoryl lipid A.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Basophils activated via TLR signaling may contribute to pathophysiology of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis.Journal of gastroenterology · 2018Article
- Modulation of Microtubule Dynamics AffectsFrontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
- Expression of functional toll like receptor 4 in estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2015Article
- TREK-1 Regulates Cytokine Secretion from Cultured Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells Independently of Cytoskeletal Rearrangements.PloS one · 2015Article
- The Brucella TIR domain containing proteins BtpA and BtpB have a structural WxxxE motif important for protection against microtubule depolymerisation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by microbes is mediated by pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLR). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide acts via TLR4 whereas peptidoglycan and lipoprotein responses are mediated by TLR2. It is generally accepted that TLR binding to microbes occurs at the cell surface but this has not been directly demonstrated for human DCs. We show here that TLR2 and TLR4 are expressed inside DCs in an abundant tubulovesicular pattern with a focus of intense staining adjacent to the nucleus. In contrast, there was no detectable expression on the cell surface. TLR2 and TLR4 were readily found both intracellularly and on the surface of monocytes. They were shown to be closely associated with the Golgi complex and colocalized with alpha-tubulin, displaying a high focal concentration at the microtubule organizing centre. Alignment of TLR2 and TLR4 with microtubules was observed, suggesting that microtubules serve as transport tracks for TLR vesicles. Depolymerization of the microtubule network disrupted the intracellular expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and profoundly inhibited interleukin-12 (IL-12) production in response to Neisseria meningitidis but did not prevent phagocytosis. These data are consistent with the bacterial signalling through TLR2 and TLR4 required for IL-12 production occurring inside DCs after phagocytosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.