ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2004
Pathways between socioeconomic determinants of health.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 158 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of socioeconomic status on end-of-life costs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC palliative care · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Integrated Analysis of Healthcare Efficiency: A Systematic Review.Journal of medical systems · 2017Pooled it
- Inflammation a possible link between economical stress and coronary heart disease.European journal of epidemiology · 2008Trial
- High-Impact Chronic Pain Incidence Among U.S. Adults: A Brief Report Focused on Socioeconomic Factors.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Work Loss and Income Before and After Diagnosis of Addison's Disease: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Childhood and current socioeconomic position as determinants of sedentary time among young and early midlife employees.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Adverse socioeconomic factors are associated with a widening gap in one-year health-related quality of life after acute myocardial infarction.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring health outcome disparities in African regional economics communities: a multilevel linear mixed-effect analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Unequal weathering: How immigrants' health advantage vanishes over the life-course.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- Changes in socioeconomic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among statutorily retiring women: A longitudinal cohort study.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2025Observational
- Joint trajectories of physical activity, health, and income before and after statutory retirement: A 22-year follow-up.PloS one · 2025Article
- Intervention strategies for type 2 diabetes prevention in high-income countries targeting low socioeconomic groups: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Educational differences in mental health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: the mediating role of pandemic-induced psychosocial stress.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Education as a social determinant of the health of international migrants and locals in Chile between 2013 and 2022.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- Development of a territory-wide household-based composite index for measuring relative distribution of households by economic status in individual small areas throughout Hong Kong.BMC public health · 2024Article
- A longitudinal Analysis of the Association between Socioeconomic Position and Multimorbidity in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study.Aging and disease · 2024Article
- Social Determinants and Consequences of Pain: Toward Multilevel, Intersectional, and Life Course Perspectives.The journal of pain · 2024Review
- Does social need fulfillment moderate the association between socioeconomic status and health risk behaviours during pregnancy?European journal of public health · 2024Article
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveMany previous studies on socioeconomic inequalities in health have neglected the causal interdependencies between different socioeconomic indicators. This study examines the pathways between three socioeconomic determinants of ill health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsCross sectional survey data from the Helsinki health study in 2000 and 2001 were used. Each year employees of the City of Helsinki, reaching 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 years received a mailed questionnaire. Altogether 6243 employees responded (80% women, response rate 68%). Socioeconomic indicators were education, occupational class, and household income. Health indicators were limiting longstanding illness and self rated health. Inequality indices were calculated based on logistic regression analysis. MAIN
resultsEach socioeconomic indicator showed a clear gradient with health. Among women half of inequalities in limiting longstanding illness by education were mediated through occupational class and household income. Inequalities by occupational class were largely explained by education. A small part of inequalities for income were explained by education and occupational class. For self rated health the pathways were broadly similar. Among men most of the inequalities in limiting longstanding illness by education were mediated through occupational class and income. Part of occupational class inequalities were explained by education. Two thirds of inequalities by income were explained by education and occupational class.
conclusionsParts of the effects of each socioeconomic indicator on health are either explained by or mediated through other socioeconomic indicators. Analyses of the predictive power of socioeconomic indicators on health run the risk of being fruitless, if interrelations between various indicators are neglected.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.