ArticleGenes and immunity2004
HLA-DQ6 and ingestion of contaminated water: possible gene-environment interaction in an outbreak of Leptospirosis.
Article in Genes and immunity, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Presentation and Clinical Course of Leptospirosis in a Referral Hospital in Far North Queensland, Tropical Australia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Leptospirosis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Analysis of Complement Factor H gene polymorphisms and their association with clinical manifestations ofleptospirosis.Immunogenetics · 2024Article
- Contributing role of TNF, IL-10, sTNFR1 and TNF gene polymorphisms in disease severity of leptospirosis.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2021Article
- Leptospirosis in Indonesia: diagnostic challenges associated with atypical clinical manifestations and limited laboratory capacity.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Health Challenges of the Pacific Region: Insights From History, Geography, Social Determinants, Genetics, and the Microbiome.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Leptospirosis Pathophysiology: Into the Storm of Cytokines.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2018Review
- Pathways to zoonotic spillover.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2017Review
- Cathelicidin Insufficiency in Patients with Fatal Leptospirosis.PLoS pathogens · 2016Article
- Leptospirosis among the self-supporting convicts of Andaman Island during the 1920s--the first report on pulmonary haemorrhage in leptospirosis?The Indian journal of medical research · 2015Review
- Leptospirosis in humans.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2015Review
- Human leptospirosis: seroreactivity and genetic susceptibility in the population of São Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal).PloS one · 2014Article
- Association between age and severity to leptospirosis in children.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2013Article
- Risk factors and predictors of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2013Article
- Gene expression profiles of immune mediators and histopathological findings in animal models of leptospirosis: comparison between susceptible hamsters and resistant mice.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- The emergence of severe pulmonary hemorrhagic leptospirosis: questions to consider.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2011Review
- Human genomics and preparedness for infectious threats.Genome medicine · 2009Article
- Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2009Review
- The kidney in leptospirosis.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2008Review
- Household transmission of leptospira infection in urban slum communities.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that can cause severe multisystem disease. While host gene-environment interactions likely modify infectious disease susceptibility, including for leptopsirosis, this has not been documented. In a 1998 leptospirosis outbreak investigation among triathletes in a lake swim, swallowing lake-water was a disease risk-factor. We used genomic DNA from 85 anonymized blood-sample remainders from that investigation to examine the association of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis with gene polymorphisms (TNF-alpha alleles and serologically defined genotypes for HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1). HLA-DQ6-positive triathletes had increased risk of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis (OR=2.8, P=0.04) compared to DQ6-negatives. DQ6-positive triathletes swallowing lake-water had greatest risk (OR 8.46, P< or =0.001). This first report of a genetic risk-factor affecting susceptibility to leptospirosis is also the first documented gene-environment interaction (DQ6 and swallowed water) affecting infectious disease susceptibility. Based on these preliminary findings, we hypothesize a role for superantigens in leptospirosis and underscore the importance of outbreak investigations for understanding infectious disease gene-environment interactions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.