ArticleAmerican journal of public health2004
Evidence-based public health: moving beyond randomized trials.
Article in American journal of public health, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02332265 (Pathways Linking Poverty, Food Insecurity, and HIV in Rural Malawi), which is not on this map. Cited by 341 papers, 28 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pathways Linking Poverty, Food Insecurity, and HIV in Rural Malawi
Who cites it
341 citing papers in PubMed, 28 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Operationalizing and Measuring Informed Choice in Health Care: An Umbrella Review.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2026Pooled it
- The assistive gait devices and their implementation in activities of daily living for patients with neuromuscular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neuromuscular diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Quantitative Methods Used to Evaluate Impact of Combination HIV Prevention Intervention: A Methodological Systematic Review.AIDS and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Effect estimates can be accurately calculated with data digitally extracted from interrupted time series graphs.Research synthesis methods · 2023Pooled it
- Social Needs Resource Connections: A Systematic Review of Barriers, Facilitators, and Evaluation.American journal of preventive medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Epidural steroid compared to placebo injection in sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews.American journal of public health · 2021Pooled it
- Emergency care with lay responders in underserved populations: a systematic review.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2021Pooled it
- How Singing can Help People With Dementia and Their Family Care-Partners: A Mixed Studies Systematic Review With Narrative Synthesis, Thematic Synthesis, and Meta-Integration.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Pooled it
- Use of interrupted time series methods in the evaluation of health system quality improvement interventions: a methodological systematic review.BMJ global health · 2020Pooled it
- Using natural experiments to improve public health evidence: a review of context and utility for obesity prevention.Health research policy and systems · 2020Pooled it
- Are Environmental Interventions Targeting Skin Cancer Prevention among Children and Adolescents Effective? A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Job morale of physicians in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review of qualitative studies.BMJ open · 2019Pooled it
- Title: Can changing the physical environment promote walking and cycling? A systematic review of what works and how.Health & place · 2019Pooled it
- Evidence-based intervention sustainability strategies: a systematic review.Implementation science : IS · 2019Pooled it
- Efficacy of Virtual Reality Rehabilitation after Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.BioMed research international · 2019Pooled it
- The impact of rural outreach programs on medical students' future rural intentions and working locations: a systematic review.BMC medical education · 2018Pooled it
- Criteria for evaluating transferability of health interventions: a systematic review and thematic synthesis.Implementation science : IS · 2018Pooled it
- Interventions to improve physical activity among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups: an umbrella review.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
281 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are essential for evaluating the efficacy of clinical interventions, where the causal chain between the agent and the outcome is relatively short and simple and where results may be safely extrapolated to other settings. However, causal chains in public health interventions are complex, making RCT results subject to effect modification in different populations. Both the internal and external validity of RCT findings can be greatly enhanced by observational studies using adequacy or plausibility designs. For evaluating large-scale interventions, studies with plausibility designs are often the only feasible option and may provide valid evidence of impact. There is an urgent need to develop evaluation standards and protocols for use in circumstances where RCTs are not appropriate.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.