ArticleThorax2004
Urinary cadmium levels predict lower lung function in current and former smokers: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Article in Thorax, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toxic metal exposure as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2020Pooled it
- Understanding molecular mechanisms driving cadmium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in human metabolic liver disease.Environmental toxicology and pharmacology · 2026Review
- Profibrotic predictive toxicology in the lung.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of Metallomic Studies: Revealing the Toxic Metal Burden in Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The predictive value of multiple urinary metals in evaluating death risk in asthmatic individuals: a prospective cohort study.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2025Article
- Evidence of Organ-Specific Metal Accumulation: ICP-MS Elemental Analysis of Autopsy Tissues of Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Prediagnostic whole-blood cadmium and molybdenum associated with pancreatic cancer in an American cohort.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Measurements of cadmium levels in relation to tobacco dependence and as a function of cytisine administration.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Higher blood manganese level associated with increased risk of adult latent tuberculosis infection in the US population.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Associations between environmental heavy metals exposure and preserved ratio impaired spirometry in the U.S. adults.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2023Article
- Cadmium Toxicity and Health Effects-A Brief Summary.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Study on the relationship between selenium and cadmium in diseased human lungs.Advances in redox research · 2023Article
- Sex-specific associations between nine metal mixtures in urine and urine flow rate in US adults: NHANES 2009-2018.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Biological Effects of Human Exposure to Environmental Cadmium.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Environmental-level exposure to metals and metal-mixtures associated with spirometry-defined lung disease in American Indian adults: Evidence from the Strong Heart Study.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Article
- BCRP/Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2021Article
- The adverse impact of cadmium on immune function and lung host defense.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2021Article
- Chronic Exposure to Cadmium Induces Differential Methylation in Mice Spermatozoa.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA study was undertaken to determine the relation between urinary cadmium levels and lung function in a nationally representative cohort of current, former, and never smokers in the US. Urinary cadmium levels reflect the total body burden of cadmium.
methodsThe following data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analysed: urinary cadmium (adjusted for urinary creatinine), lung function, sex, race/ethnicity, age, education level, job category, body mass index, serum cotinine level, and smoking history. Linear regression models were developed to predict lung function using urinary cadmium as the main predictor, adjusting for other covariates and stratified by smoking status.
resultsData were available on 16 024 adults. Current smokers had higher mean (SE) urinary cadmium/creatinine levels (0.46 (0.01) micro g/g) than former (0.32 (0.01) micro g/g) or never smokers (0.23 (0.01) micro g/g). Higher levels of urinary cadmium were associated with significantly lower forced expiratory volumes in 1 second (FEV(1)) in current (-2.06%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.86 to -1.26 per 1 log increase in urinary cadmium) and former smokers (-1.95%, 95% CI -2.87 to -1.03) but not in never smokers (-0.18%, 95% CI -0.60 to 0.24). Similar results were obtained for forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV(1)/FVC.
conclusionsCadmium, which is known to cause emphysema in occupational settings, may also be important in the development of tobacco related lung disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.