ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2004
Plasma membrane localization signals in the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
- TrenibotulinumtoxinE: Pharmacology, clinical evidence, and emerging role in aesthetic medicine.JPRAS open · 2026Review
- Botulinum neurotoxin Light Chain/A1 uses fast synaptic vesicle cycling to cleave plasma membrane bound SNAP-25.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Neurotoxin-Derived Optical Probes for Elucidating Molecular and Developmental Biology of Neurons and Synaptic Connections : Toxin-Derived Optical Probes for Neuroimaging.Molecular imaging and biology · 2024Review
- Review
- Article
- How Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A1 Maintains Stable Association with the Intracellular Neuronal Plasma Membrane.Toxins · 2022Article
- In Silico Conformational Features of Botulinum Toxins A1 and E1 According to Intraluminal Acidification.Toxins · 2022Article
- Reengineering the specificity of the highly selective Clostridium botulinum protease via directed evolution.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Probing the structure and function of the protease domain of botulinum neurotoxins using single-domain antibodies.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Clostridial Neurotoxins: Structure, Function and Implications to Other Bacterial Toxins.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Resolution of Two Steps in Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A1 Light Chain Localization to the Intracellular Plasma Membrane.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Phage-assisted evolution of botulinum neurotoxin proteases with reprogrammed specificity.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Special Delivery: Potential Mechanisms of Botulinum Neurotoxin Uptake and Trafficking within Motor Nerve Terminals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- The mechanisms of action and use of botulinum neurotoxin type A in aesthetics: Key Clinical Postulates II.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2020Review
- Review
- Review
- Review
- Article
- Deubiquitinating enzyme VCIP135 dictates the duration of botulinum neurotoxin type A intoxication.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a potent biological substance used to treat neuromuscular and pain disorders. Both BoNT type A and BoNT type E display high-affinity uptake into motor neurons and inhibit exocytosis through cleavage of the synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25). The therapeutic effects of BoNT/A last from 3 to 12 months, whereas the effects of BoNT/E last less than 4 weeks. Using confocal microscopy and site-specific mutagenesis, we have determined that the protease domain of BoNT/A light chain (BoNT/A-LC) localizes in a punctate manner to the plasma membrane, colocalizing with the cleaved product, SNAP25(197). In contrast, the short-duration BoNT/E serotype is cytoplasmic. Mutations in the BoNT/A-LC have revealed sequences at the N terminus necessary for plasma membrane localization, and an active dileucine motif in the C terminus that is likely involved in trafficking and interaction with adaptor proteins. These data support sequence-specific signals as determinants of intracellular localization and as a basis for the different durations of action in these two BoNT serotypes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.