ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2004
Parasites and the hygiene hypothesis: regulating the immune system?
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 422 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Trichuris suis ova in Active Crohn's Disease.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2017Trial
- Parasites' immunomodulators: a breakthrough in immunotherapeutics displaying antineoplastic activity against human colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Article
- An exploratory study to assess the influence of schistosomiasis on the occurrence of dengue virus in Madagascar.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Effects of maternal Echinococcus multilocularis infection on colitis susceptibility and gut microbiota of offspring.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- The role of immunoglobulin E in non-atopic disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Anti-Inflammatory Responses Produced withBiomolecules · 2024Article
- PriorFrontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Multiple overlapping risk factors for childhood wheeze among children in Benin.European journal of medical research · 2022Article
- Exacerbation of allergic asthma by somatic antigen of Echinococcus granulosus in allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
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- Antigenic cross-reactivity between Schistosoma mansoni and allergenic invertebrates putatively due to shared glycanic epitopes.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Reduction of Allergic Lung Disease by Mucosal Application ofFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Metabolic Consequences of Concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Dietary Composition and Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Vaccines in the Context of the Hygiene Hypothesis: A Risk Factor for Eosinophilia and Allergy in a Genetically Susceptible Subpopulation?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Review
- Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine.Veterinary pathology · 2018Article
- Primary Prevention of Food Allergy.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2017Review
- A Case Study of Upper-Room UVGI in Densely-Occupied Elementary Classrooms by Real-Time Fluorescent Bioaerosol Measurements.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis proposes that the stimulation of the immune system by microbes or microbial products protects from the development of inflammatory diseases; therefore a reduced exposure to infectious agents may explain the rise in allergic and autoimmune diseases in industrialized countries. The contribution of studies on parasites and allergy to our understanding of the hygiene hypothesis has been two-fold. First, several studies have shown an inverse association between exposure to (Toxplasma gondii) or harbouring of parasites (Schistosoma or Intestinal helminths) and allergy. Second, the mechanisms behind such protective effects have provided new insights and theories on the ability of parasite derived molecules to down-regulate immune responses and thereby to control inflammatory diseases such as allergies. In this review, recent findings and new concepts relating to the associations between parasites and allergies at the epidemiological, cellular and molecular level are discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.