ArticleJournal of virology2004
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ribosomal frameshifting site is an invariant sequence determinant and an important target for antiviral therapy.
Article in Journal of virology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coordinated translation initiation determines -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting efficiency of chromosomal genes to impact on cell fitness.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Phosphorylation of Shiftless by casein kinase 1 δ/ε is required for its antiviral activity.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Under the Radar: Immune Evasion, Pathogenesis and Control of HIV Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Conformational Analysis and Structure-Altering Mutations of the HIV-1 Frameshifting Element.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- RNA elements required for the high efficiency of West Nile virus-induced ribosomal frameshifting.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- The conserved HIV-1 spacer peptide 2 triggers matrix lattice maturation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
- Review
- Programmable modulation of ribosomal frameshifting by mRNA targeting CRISPR-Cas12a system.iScience · 2023Article
- Cell fusing agent virus isolated from Aag2 cells does not vertically transmit in Aedes aegypti via artificial infection.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Small Molecules Targeting Viral RNA.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Dynamic changes in tRNA modifications and abundance during T cell activation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- The translational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 and infected cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2021Article
- A Novel Frameshifting Inhibitor Having Antiviral Activity against Zoonotic Coronaviruses.Viruses · 2021Article
- Potential 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease cleavage sites in the coronavirus polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab and their possible relevance to COVID-19 vaccine and drug development.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2021Review
- Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilizes a distinctive form of gene regulation as part of its life cycle, termed programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting, to produce the required ratio of the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. We carried out a sequence comparison of 1,000 HIV-1 sequences at the slippery site (UUUUUUA) and found that the site is invariant, which is somewhat surprising for a virus known for its variability. This prompted us to prepare a series of mutations to examine their effect upon frameshifting and viral infectivity. Among the series of mutations were changes of the HIV-1 slippery site to those effectively utilized by other viruses, because such mutations would be anticipated to have a relatively mild effect upon frameshifting. The results demonstrate that any change to the slippery site reduced frameshifting levels and also dramatically inhibited infectivity. Because ribosomal frameshifting is essential for HIV-1 replication and it is surprisingly resistant to mutation, modulation of HIV-1 frameshifting efficiency potentially represents an important target for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.