ArticleBritish journal of pharmacology2004
Regulation of microglial inflammatory response by sodium butyrate and short-chain fatty acids.
Article in British journal of pharmacology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 266 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiota and ALS: cause, consequence or correlation? - a systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Microglia associated research in depression: an exploratory trends analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Sex hormones, the gut microbiome, and neurodegenerative diseases: Lifespan perspective.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Microbiome and chronic pelvic pain in women: a mini-review.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- The Role of Microbiome-Associated Metabolites and Their Clinical Implications in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.Neurocritical care · 2026Review
- The impact of nutritional and exercise interventions on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology via modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis.Nutritional neuroscience · 2026Review
- Infection-driven gut dysbiosis and epigenetic programming of microglia: toward a systems level framework linking microbial metabolites, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and probiotic modulation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Butyrate modifies epigenetic and immune pathways in peripheral mononuclear cells from children with neurodevelopmental disorders associated with chromatin dysregulation.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Bidirectional communication between spinal cord injury and gut microbiota, from the bench to the bedside.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cadmium-induced gut dysbiosis precedes the onset of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits in mice.Toxicology · 2025Article
- The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Autism: Associations, Causal Inference, and Interventions-A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Emerging Role of the Brain-Gut Axis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Exploration of the Possible Relationships Between Gut and Hypothalamic Inflammation and Allopregnanolone: Preclinical Findings in a Post-Finasteride Rat Model.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Horizons: Gut Microbiome, Neuroinflammation, and Epigenetics in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Cells · 2025Review
- Impact of gut microbiome on atrial fibrillation: Mechanistic insights and future directions in individualized medicine.World journal of cardiology · 2025Review
- Multiple Sclerosis: A Story of the Interaction Between Gut Microbiome and Components of the Immune System.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Dose-dependent dual effects of HDAC inhibitors on glial inflammatory response.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Role of microbiota in pain: From bench to bedside.iMetaOmics · 2025Review
- Association between plasma short-chain fatty acids and inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder: a pilot study.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Signaling Pathways and Oxidative Stress in Glioma Therapies.Cancers · 2025Review
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
1. Recent studies have shown that sodium butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can prevent inflammation in colon diseases. Our aim was to elucidate whether sodium butyrate and SCFAs regulate the inflammatory responses in different neural inflammation models in cell cultures. 2. Inflammatory responses to LPS-induced microglial activation were recorded by the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha and related to the changes in the DNA-binding activities of NF-kappaB complex. 3. We observed that sodium butyrate is strongly anti-inflammatory against LPS-induced responses in rat primary microglia as well as in hippocampal slice cultures and in neural cocultures of microglial cells, astrocytes and cerebellar granule neurons. 4. In murine N9 microglial cell line, instead, sodium butyrate and other SCFAs (propionate, valerate and caproate) enhanced the LPS-induced inflammatory response. 5. The pretreatment with butyrate before LPS exposure induced an equal or more enhanced response than simultaneous exposure with butyrate and LPS. This indicates that butyrate induces an adaptative response against microglial activation. 6. We also observed that butyrate treatment both in transformed N9 cells and in hippocampal slice cultures downregulates the NF-kappaB-binding capacity induced by LPS stimulation. 7. Our results show that butyrate is anti-inflammatory in primary, brain-derived microglial cells, as observed recently in colon diseases, but proinflammatory in transformed, proliferating N9 microglial cells, which may be related to the anticancer properties of butyrate observed in tumor cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.