ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2004
Geochemistry of ground water and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finland.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mineral water intake reduces blood pressure among subjects with low urinary magnesium and calcium levels.BMC public health · 2004Trial
- Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Association between magnesium in drinking water and atrial fibrillation incidence: a nationwide population-based cohort study, 2002-2015.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2021Article
- Article
- A review of spatial methods in epidemiology, 2000-2010.Annual review of public health · 2012Review
- Relationship between tap water hardness, magnesium, and calcium concentration and mortality due to ischemic heart disease or stroke in The Netherlands.Environmental health perspectives · 2010Article
- Evaluating the effect of neighbourhood weight matrices on smoothing properties of Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) models.International journal of health geographics · 2007Article
- Calcium:magnesium ratio in local groundwater and incidence of acute myocardial infarction among males in rural Finland.Environmental health perspectives · 2006Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveTo examine the association of spatial variation in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence and its putative environmental determinants in ground water such as total water hardness, the concentration of calcium, magnesium, fluoride, iron, copper, zinc, nitrate, and aluminium.
designSmall area study using Bayesian modelling and the geo-referenced data aggregated into 10 km x 10 km cells.
settingThe population data were obtained from Statistics Finland, AMI case data from the National Death Register and the Hospital Discharge Register, and the geochemical data from hydrogeochemical database of Geological Survey of Finland.
participantsA total of 18 946 men aged 35-74 years with the first AMI attack in the years 1983, 1988, and 1993. MAIN
resultsOne unit (in German degree degrees dH) increment in water hardness decreased the risk of AMI by 1%. Geochemical elements in ground water included in this study did not show a statistically significant effect on the incidence and spatial variation of AMI, even though suggestive findings were detected for fluoride (protective), iron and copper (increasing).
conclusionsThe results of this study with more specific Bayesian statistical analysis confirm findings from earlier observations of the inverse relation between water hardness and coronary heart disease. The role of environmental geochemistry in the geographical variation of the AMI incidence should be studied further in more detail incorporating the individual intake of both food borne and water borne nutrients. Geochemical-spatial analysis provides a basis for the selection of areas suitable for such research.
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Registered trials
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