ArticleClinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology2004
Mastitis increases mammary mRNA abundance of beta-defensin 5, toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 but not TLR9 in cattle.
Article in Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 293 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacteria-dependent modulation of immune responses in the bovine udder.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- RNA stability: a novel perspective on gene regulatory networks in bovine mastitis.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Differential expression ofVeterinary world · 2025Article
- SNP Analysis of TLR4 Promoter and Its Transcriptional Factor Binding Profile in Relevance to Bovine Subclinical Mastitis.Biochemical genetics · 2024Article
- Bovine Neutrophil β-Defensin-5 Provides Protection against Multidrug-ResistantInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Milk miRNA expression in buffaloes as a potential biomarker for mastitis.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene polymorphism and its association with somatic cell score and milk production traits in Indian dromedary camels.Animal biotechnology · 2024Article
- Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Review
- DNA methylation and gene expression changes in mouse mammary tissue during successive lactations: part I - the impact of inflammation.Epigenetics · 2023Article
- Expression, Regulation, and Function of β-Defensins in the Bovine Mammary Glands: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Integrated analysis of inflammatory mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs elucidates the molecular interactome behind bovine mastitis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Punch-excised explants of bovine mammary gland to model early immune response to infection.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Immunological and Oxidative Biomarkers in Bovine Serum from Healthy, Clinical, and Sub-Clinical Mastitis Caused byAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Candidate genes for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle: a data integration approach.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2023Article
- β-defensin-4 as an endogenous biomarker in cows with mastitis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Association of Lactoferrin and Toll-like Receptor 2 Genotypes with Mastitis and Milk Components in Vietnamese Holstein Cattle.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Immune defenses of the mammary gland epithelium of dairy ruminants.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Characterization of peripheral white blood cells transcriptome to unravel the regulatory signatures of bovine subclinical mastitis resistance.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Flunixin Meglumine Reduces Milk Isoprostane Concentrations in Holstein Dairy Cattle Suffering from Acute Coliform Mastitis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coordination of the primary defense mechanisms against pathogens relies on the appropriate expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering the early release of effector molecules of the innate immune system. To analyze the impact of this system on the counteraction of infections of the mammary gland (mastitis), we characterized the bovine gene encoding the key PRR Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and mapped its precise position on chromosome BTA22. The sequence information was used to establish real-time PCR quantification assays to measure the mRNA abundances of TLR9, TLR2, and TLR4 together with those of beta-defensin 5 (BNBD5), an early bactericidal effector molecule of the innate system, in healthy and infected mammary glands. Mastitis strongly increased (4- to 13-fold) the mRNA abundances of all of these genes except TLR9. Slight subclinical infections already caused a substantial increase in the copy numbers, though they did so the least for TLR9. Induction was not systemic, since mRNA abundance was low in uninfected control quarters of the udder but high in the severely infected quarters of the same animal. The number of TLR2 copies correlated well with those of TLR4, indicating coordinated regulation of these two PRRs during infection of the udder. Their coordinated regulation explains our unexpected observation that pure Staphylococcus aureus infections caused a strong increase also in TLR4 mRNA abundance. In situ hybridizations revealed that BNBD5 is expressed predominantly in the mammary epithelial cells (MEC) of the infected gland. Our data therefore suggest a significant contribution of the innate immune system to counteract mastitis and attribute a prominent effector function to the MEC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.