ArticleMolecular and cellular biology2004
A permissive retinoid X receptor/thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer allows stimulation of prolactin gene transcription by thyroid hormone and 9-cis-retinoic acid.
Article in Molecular and cellular biology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Thyroid Hormone Action by Genomic and Nongenomic Molecular Mechanisms.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
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- 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol Induces Adipogenesis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Activating Retinoid X Receptors.Endocrinology · 2023Article
- Preserving and enhancing mitochondrial function after stroke to protect and repair the neurovascular unit: novel opportunities for nanoparticle-based drug delivery.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Review
- The thyroid hormone enhances mouse embryonic fibroblasts reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells: role of the nuclear receptor corepressor 1.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
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- Retinoid-X receptor agonists increase thyroid hormone competence in lower jaw remodeling of pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles.PloS one · 2022Article
- Multiple mechanisms regulate H3 acetylation of enhancers in response to thyroid hormone.PLoS genetics · 2020Article
- Limited Chemical Structural Diversity Found to Modulate Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Tox21 Chemical Library.Environmental health perspectives · 2019Article
- Lipid and Cholesterol Homeostasis after Arsenic Exposure and Antibiotic Treatment in Mice: Potential Role of the Microbiota.Environmental health perspectives · 2019Article
- A review of the molecular design and biological activities of RXR agonists.Medicinal research reviews · 2019Review
- Integrating Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Hypothalamic Control of Metabolism: Crosstalk Between Nuclear Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- RXR Ligands Modulate Thyroid Hormone Signaling Competence in Young Xenopus laevis Tadpoles.Endocrinology · 2018Article
- The genome and transcriptome of Japanese flounder provide insights into flatfish asymmetry.Nature genetics · 2017Article
- Translation of a Tissue-Selective Rexinoid, UAB30, to the Clinic for Breast Cancer Prevention.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2017Review
- Evolutionary Origin of the Interferon-Immune Metabolic Axis: The Sterol-Vitamin D Link.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heterodimers of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) with the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) are considered to be nonpermissive. It is believed that within these complexes RXR acts as a "silent partner." We demonstrate here that a permissive heterodimer mediates stimulation of prolactin expression by the thyroid hormone T3 and by 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis-RA). A response element located in the prolactin distal enhancer mediates transactivation by both ligands in pituitary cells, and RXR recruits coactivators when bound to this element as a heterodimer with TR. Furthermore, transcription by the RXR agonist can be obtained in CV-1 cells only after overexpression of coactivators, and overexpression of corepressors inhibits the response in pituitary cells. Thus, cell type-specific differences in coregulator recruitment can determine the cellular response to both ligands. Coactivator recruitment by 9-cis-RA requires the ligand-dependent transactivation domains (AF-2) of both heterodimeric partners. Interestingly, the presence of the RXR ligand can overcome the deleterious effect of the AF-2 mutation E401Q on association with coactivators and transactivation. These results demonstrate an unexpected role for RXR in TR signaling and show that in particular cellular environments this receptor can act as a "nonsilent" partner of TR, allowing stimulation by RXR agonists.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.