ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2004
Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance mutations in nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in HIV-1-infected patients switched to antiretroviral therapy without NNRTIs.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00357552 (A Pilot Study of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Participants Experiencing Virologic Relapse on NNRTI-Containing Regimens), which is not on this map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Pilot Study of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Participants Experiencing Virologic Relapse on NNRTI-Containing Regimens
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genotypic susceptibility scores and HIV type 1 RNA responses in treatment-experienced subjects with HIV type 1 infection.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2008Trial
- HIV-1 genetic diversity and reverse transcriptase resistance mutations in Benin before dolutegravir era, West Africa.PloS one · 2026Article
- Acquired HIV drug resistance and virologic monitoring in a HIV hyper-endemic setting in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.AIDS research and therapy · 2021Article
- Persistence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Drug Resistance Mutations in Proviral Deoxyribonucleic Acid After Virologic Failure of Efavirenz-Containing Antiretroviral Regimens.Open forum infectious diseases · 2019Article
- HIV-1 second-line failure and drug resistance at high-level and low-level viremia in Western Kenya.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
- Observational
- HIV drug resistance testing among patients failing second line antiretroviral therapy. Comparison of in-house and commercial sequencing.Journal of virological methods · 2017Article
- Doravirine Suppresses Common Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Associated Mutants at Clinically Relevant Concentrations.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2016Article
- Efficacy and HIV drug resistance profile of second-line ART among patients having received long-term first-line regimens in rural China.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- Variation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase within the simian immunodeficiency virus genome of RT-SHIV.PloS one · 2014Article
- Article
- Drug resistance and coreceptor usage in HIV type 1 subtype C-infected children initiating or failing highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2012Article
- Viremia and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among patients receiving second-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in Chennai, Southern India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2012Article
- HIV-1 mutational pathways under multidrug therapy.AIDS research and therapy · 2011Article
- Identification of a methylated oligoribonucleotide as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcription complex.Nucleic acids research · 2011Article
- Rapid and persistent selection of the K103N mutation as a majority quasispecies in a HIV1-patient exposed to efavirenz for three weeks: a case report and review of the literature.Journal of medical case reports · 2009Article
- Efavirenz--still first-line king?Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2008Review
- Clinical significance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication fitness.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2007Review
- Adherence-resistance relationships to combination HIV antiretroviral therapy.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2007Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We studied the evolution of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance mutations among 29 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients who experienced virologic failure when receiving an NNRTI-containing regimen (nevirapine, delavirdine, or efavirenz) and subsequently switched to antiretroviral therapy without NNRTIs. Genotypic resistance was determined from plasma samples collected at the time of NNRTI withdrawal (baseline) and during follow-up. At baseline, 83% of patients had more than two thymidine analog resistance mutations (TAMs), and all had NNRTI resistance mutations. Mutations at codons 103, 181, and 190 were found in 62, 62, and 34% of the patients, respectively. Follow-up samples were available after a median time of 6 months in all patients and at 12 months in 22 patients. The mean number of resistance mutations to NNRTIs was significantly lower at months 6 (1.34 +/- 1.04) and 12 (1.18 +/- 1.05) than at month 0 (2.03 +/- 1.02) (P < 0.009). The percentages of patients with at least one NNRTI resistance mutation were 100, 76, and 73% at baseline, month 6, and month 12, respectively (P < 0.0044). Overall, 70% of the patients had a mutation at codon 103 or 181 at month 12. The mean number of TAMs did not vary significantly during follow-up. Our data show that, in the context of maintained antiretroviral therapy, NNRTI resistance mutations persist in two-thirds of the patients in spite of NNRTI withdrawal. These results argue for the low impact of NNRTI resistance mutations on viral fitness and suggest that resistance mutations to different classes of drugs are associated on the same genome, at least in some of the resistant strains.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.