ArticleJournal of virology2004
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection was not detected following 215 years of injection drug user exposure.
Article in Journal of virology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV-1 superinfection occurs less frequently than initial infection in a cohort of high-risk Kenyan women.PLoS pathogens · 2013Trial
- Multiple Infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Superinfection Among Persons who Inject Drugs in Indonesia and Ukraine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Vaccine Design Informed by Virus-Induced Immunity.Viral immunology · 2020Review
- Variable Effect of HIV Superinfection on Clinical Status: Insights From Mathematical Modeling.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- Immunological and virological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection: implications in vaccine design.Frontiers of medicine · 2017Review
- HIV competition dynamics over sexual networks: first comer advantage conserves founder effects.PLoS computational biology · 2015Article
- Superinfection with drug-resistant HIV is rare and does not contribute substantially to therapy failure in a large European cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Frequency and implications of HIV superinfection.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2013Review
- Timing and source of subtype-C HIV-1 superinfection in the newly infected partner of Zambian couples with disparate viruses.Retrovirology · 2012Article
- Relative replication capacity of phenotypic SIV variants during primary infections differs with route of inoculation.Retrovirology · 2010Article
- Heterologous Prime-Boost HIV-1 Vaccination Regimens in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials.Viruses · 2010Article
- Multiple-infection and recombination in HIV-1 within a longitudinal cohort of women.Retrovirology · 2009Article
- HIV-1 superinfection in the antiretroviral therapy era: are seroconcordant sexual partners at risk?PloS one · 2009Article
- Partial protection of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys against superinfection with a heterologous SIV isolate.Journal of virology · 2009Article
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection occurs despite relatively robust neutralizing antibody responses.Journal of virology · 2008Article
- Chronic HIV-1 infection frequently fails to protect against superinfection.PLoS pathogens · 2007Article
- Identifying HIV-1 dual infections.Retrovirology · 2007Review
- Hepatitis C virus quasispecies in HIV-infected women: role of injecting drug use and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2007Article
- A Multi-Vector, Multi-Envelope HIV-1 Vaccine.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2007Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) superinfection was sought among 37 HIV-1-positive street-recruited active injection drug users (IDUs) from the San Francisco Bay area. HIV-1 sequences from pairs of samples collected 1 to 12 years apart, spanning a total of 215 years of exposure, were generated at p17 gag, the V3-V5 region of env, and/or the first exon of tat and phylogenetically analyzed. No evidence of HIV-1 superinfection was detected in which a highly divergent HIV-1 variant emerged at a frequency >20% of the serum viral quasispecies. Based on the reported risk behavior of the IDUs and the HIV-1 incidence in uninfected subjects in the same cohort, a total of 3.4 new infections would have been expected if existing infection conferred no protection from superinfection. Adjusted for risk behaviors, the estimated relative risk of superinfection compared with initial infection was therefore 0.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.00, 0.79; P = 0.02), indicating that existing infection conferred a statistically significant level of protection against superinfection with an HIV-1 strain of the same subtype, which was between 21 and 100%.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.