ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2003
Single-copy green fluorescent protein gene fusions allow accurate measurement of Salmonella gene expression in vitro and during infection of mammalian cells.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 140 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 248 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The contribution of LepA to virulence and host cell invasion in Salmonella Typhimurium.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Combinatorial action of regulatory systems generates colistin heteroresistance.Science advances · 2026Article
- Metabolic strategies of Enterobacteriaceae gut colonization.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Perturbing H-NS function reveals roles in restricting virulence heterogeneity and pathogen adaptation.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Regulator-derived growth and fitness costs ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Structured Promoter Variability in Epigenetically Regulated Operons Contributes to Surface Adaptation in Salmonella.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Bacterial chromatin remodeling associated with transcription-induced domains at pathogenicity Islands.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Perturbing H-NS function reveals roles in restricting virulence heterogeneity and pathogen adaptation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Decoding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of bacterial virulence gene expression using single-cell approaches.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Infection strategies ofGut microbes reports · 2026Review
- Dual regulation ofmicroLife · 2026Article
- Mucus-derived glycans are inhibitory signals for Salmonella Typhimurium SPI-1-mediated invasion.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Pseudomonas syringae Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis Gene wbpL Displays Heterogeneous Expression Within In Vitro and In Planta Populations.MicrobiologyOpen · 2025Article
- Yersinia actively downregulates type III secretion and adhesion at higher cell densities.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Profiling Salmonella transcriptional dynamics during macrophage infection using a comprehensive reporter library.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Aurodox inhibits type III secretion in multiple Gram-negative pathogens.Open biology · 2024Article
- Nanotextured titanium inhibits bacterial activity and supports cell growth on 2D and 3D substrate: A co-culture study.Biomaterials advances · 2024Article
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We developed a reliable and flexible green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based system for measuring gene expression in individual bacterial cells. Until now, most systems have relied upon plasmid-borne gfp gene fusions, risking problems associated with plasmid instability. We show that a recently developed GFP variant, GFP+, is suitable for assessing bacterial gene expression. Various gfp+ transcriptional fusions were constructed and integrated as single copies into the chromosome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. A comparison of the expression levels of proU-lacZ and proU-gfp+ fusions showed that GFP+ reported proU activity in individual Salmonella cells as accurately as beta-galactosidase reported activity for entire populations. The single-copy gfp+ fusions were ideal for monitoring up- and downregulation of Salmonella virulence genes. We discovered that in vitro induction of the SPI1gene prgH occurs only in a portion of the population and that the proportion varies with the growth phase. We determined the level of expression of the SPI2 gene ssaG in bacteria released from murine macrophages. Our results demonstrate for the first time that single-copy GFP+ fusions reliably report gene expression in simple and complex environments. This approach promises to allow accurate measurement of gene expression in individual bacteria during animal infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.