ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2003
HIV-1-suppressive factors are secreted by CD4+ T cells during primary immune responses.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Association betweenViruses · 2023Pooled it
- Three immunoregulatory signatures define non-productive HIV infection in stem cell memory CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- Three immunoregulatory signatures define non-productive HIV infection in CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- HIV-1 infection of macrophages differentially primes NK-cell cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine production.iScience · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation generated by HIV-infected microglia promotes dysfunction and death of neurons in human brain organoids.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Single-cell analysis of immune cell transcriptome during HIV-1 infection and therapy.BMC immunology · 2022Article
- Profiling of Inflammatory Proteins in Plasma of HIV-1-Infected Children Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.Proteomes · 2020Article
- T cell-inducing vaccine durably prevents mucosal SHIV infection even with lower neutralizing antibody titers.Nature medicine · 2020Article
- Single-cell transcriptional landscapes reveal HIV-1-driven aberrant host gene transcription as a potential therapeutic target.Science translational medicine · 2020Article
- Identification of miRNA-mRNA crosstalk in CD4Journal of translational medicine · 2017Article
- Measuring glutathione redox potential of HIV-1-infected macrophages.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2015Article
- Article
- Changes in B-Cell Counts and Percentages during Primary HIV Infection Associated with Disease Progression in HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Preliminary Study.BioMed research international · 2015Article
- Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2014Review
- Article
- Association between TLR3 rs3775291 and resistance to HIV among highly exposed Caucasian intravenous drug users.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Preferential HIV infection of CCR6+ Th17 cells is associated with higher levels of virus receptor expression and lack of CCR5 ligands.Journal of virology · 2013Article
- Broadly neutralizing antibodies developed by an HIV-positive elite neutralizer exact a replication fitness cost on the contemporaneous virus.Journal of virology · 2012Article
- In vitro restoration of Th17 response during HIV infection with an antiretroviral drug and Th17 differentiation cytokines.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2012Article
- Soluble factors from T cells inhibiting X4 strains of HIV are a mixture of β chemokines and RNases.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are required for immunity against many viral infections, including HIV-1 where a positive correlation has been observed between strong recall responses and low HIV-1 viral loads. Some HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells are preferentially infected with HIV-1, whereas others escape infection by unknown mechanisms. One possibility is that some CD4+ T cells are protected from infection by the secretion of soluble HIV-suppressive factors, although it is not known whether these factors are produced during primary antigen-specific responses. Here, we show that soluble suppressive factors are produced against CXCR4 and CCR5 isolates of HIV-1 during the primary immune response of human CD4+ T cells. This activity requires antigenic stimulation of naïve CD4+ T cells. One anti-CXCR4 factor is macrophage-derived chemokine (chemokine ligand 22, CCL22), and anti-CCR5 factors include macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (CCL3), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (CCL4), and RANTES (regulated upon activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted) (CCL5). Intracellular staining confirms that CD3+CD4+ T cells are the source of the prototype HIV-1-inhibiting chemokines CCL22 and CCL4. These results show that CD4+ T cells secrete an evolving HIV-1-suppressive activity during the primary immune response and that this activity is comprised primarily of CC chemokines. The data also suggest that production of such factors should be considered in the design of vaccines against HIV-1 and as a mechanism whereby the host can control infections with this virus.
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