Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2004
Differences in the energy cost between children and adults during front crawl swimming.
Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Young Swimmers' Anthropometrics, Biomechanics, Energetics, and Efficiency as Underlying Performance Factors: A Systematic Narrative Review.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Pooled it
- Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- Changes in selected parameters of swimming technique in the back crawl and the front crawl in young novice swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2013Article
- The determinants of performance in master swimmers: a cross-sectional study on the age-related changes in propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Article
- The determinants of performance in master swimmers: an analysis of master world records.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Article
- Energetics of swimming: a historical perspective.European journal of applied physiology · 2011Review
- Examining the accumulated oxygen deficit method in breaststroke swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2010Article
- Physiological, biomechanical and anthropometrical predictors of sprint swimming performance in adolescent swimmers.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2010Article
- Comparative analysis of the energy cost during front crawl swimming in children and adults.European journal of applied physiology · 2009Article
- Combined strength and endurance training in competitive swimmers.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2009Article
- The interplay between propelling efficiency, hydrodynamic position and energy cost of front crawl in 8 to 19-year-old swimmers.European journal of applied physiology · 2008Article
- The critical velocity in swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2008Article
- Effects of age and gender on the propelling efficiency of the arm stroke.European journal of applied physiology · 2006Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is little information available about the swimming economy of children. The aim of this study was to examine any possible differences in swimming economy in children and adults, swimming front crawl submaximally. Swimming economy was compared in adults [ n=13, aged 21.4 (3.7) years] and children [n=10, aged 11.8 (0.8) years] tested at four submaximal 6-min workloads. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured with Douglas bags in a 25-m pool and pacer lights were used to control the velocities. Swimming economy was scaled to body size using mass (BM), body surface area (BSA) and body length (BL). Children had lower VO2 (litres per minute) at a given velocity than the adults, with 1.86 (0.28) and 2.39 (0.20) l min(-1) respectively (at 1.00 m s(-1)). When scaling for size, children had higher VO2 measured in litres per square metre per minute and millilitres per kilogram per minute (divided by BSA and BM) than adults. The VO2 divided by BL was found not to differ between the two groups. The O2 cost of swimming 1 m at a velocity of 1.00 m s(-1) was lower in the children [31.0 (4.6) ml m(-1)] than in the adults [39.9 (3.3) ml m(-1) P<0.01], probably due to a lower total drag in the children. The results also showed that for children a relationship between swimming velocity cubed and VO2 exists as shown earlier for adults. It is concluded that, when scaling for BSA and BM, children are less economical than adults, when scaling for BL, children are equally economical, and when considering energy cost per metre and absolute VO2, children are more economical than the adults.
Indexed as
Identifiers
14652762What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.