ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2003
Natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection: dichotomous effects of viremia on inhibitory and activating receptors and their functional correlates.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 192 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
192 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 382 citations in OpenAlex.
- CD56-negative NK cells: Frequency in peripheral blood, expansion during HIV-1 infection, functional capacity, and KIR expression.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Adaptive Reconfiguration of Natural Killer Cells in HIV-1 Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Effects on innate immunity of a therapeutic dendritic cell-based vaccine for HIV-1 infection.Viral immunology · 2012Trial
- Trial
- Effect of recombinant cytokines on the expression of natural killer cell receptors from patients with TB or/and HIV infection.PloS one · 2012Trial
- Immune reconstitution of CD56(dim) NK cells in individuals with primary HIV-1 infection treated with interleukin-2.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2008Trial
- NK cell immunotherapy after analytic treatment interruption is associated with HIV viral control.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Circulating platelet-natural killer cell complexes are elevated in people living with human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- HIV tri-specific killer engagers directly enhance NK cell function and safely expand NK cells in vivo.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- CD56bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Retinoids enhance NK effector function against HIV-infected CD4 T cells.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- EBV Type 1 versus Type 2: A determinant of NK cell anti-tumor activity in Burkitt lymphoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Persistent immune dysfunction during suppressive antiretroviral therapy: implications for analytical treatment interruption trials for chronic HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- NK cell immunotherapy administered at the time of HIV recrudescence is associated with viral control.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Harnessing innate immunity: natural killer cells and innate immune responses in reservoir clearance.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- From Steatosis to Immunosenescence: The Impact of Metabolic Dysfunction on Immune Aging in HIV and Non-HIV Populations.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Persistent Type I Interferon Signaling Impairs Innate Lymphoid Cells During HIV-1 Infection Under Suppressive ART.Viruses · 2025Article
- A genetic fingerprint associated with durable HIV remission after interruption of antiretroviral treatment: ANRS VISCONTI/PRIMO.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
132 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in host defense against various pathogens. Functional defects of NK cells in HIV-1 infection as a direct effect of abnormal expression or function of inhibitory NK receptors (iNKRs), activating natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), and NKG2D have not yet been described. This study demonstrates an expansion of the functionally defective CD56-/CD16+ population of NK cells in viremic versus aviremic patients. We also demonstrate that in HIV-infected viremic patients, expression of iNKRs was well conserved and that in most cases, there was a trend toward increased expression on NK cells as compared with healthy donors. It was also demonstrated that the major activating NK receptors, with the exception of NKG2D, were significantly down-regulated. In contrast, the expression of iNKRs and activating receptors in HIV-infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed to below detectable levels by highly active antiretroviral therapy for 2 years or longer was comparable to that of healthy donors. Functional tests confirmed that the abnormal expression of the activating receptors and of iNKRs was associated with a markedly impaired NK cytolytic function. This phenomenon is not attributed to a direct HIV-1 infection of NK cells; thus, this study may provide insight into the mechanisms of impaired host defenses in HIV-1 viremic patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.