ArticleGut2003
Intestinal epithelial exosomes carry MHC class II/peptides able to inform the immune system in mice.
Article in Gut, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 109 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 256 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Shaping Immune Responses in the Lymph Node Microenvironment.Biology of the cell · 2026Review
- Senescent Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Therapy-Induced Senescence: Immune Remodelling and Emerging Links to Mitochondrial Stress in Cancer.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Review
- Nucleus accumbens CD81 regulates methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity, conditioned reward, and reinstatement in male and female rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Biology and therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicle targeting and uptake.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2026Review
- Engineered small extracellular vesicles as bioactive materials: Integrating engineering strategies for cargo loading and targeted delivery systems.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy: From Cellular Communication to Clinical Implications.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Gut mucosal immune responses - Implications for celiac disease and food allergy.Seminars in immunology · 2025Review
- Hsp60-Bearing Exosomes inCells · 2025Review
- Intestinal epithelium cells-derived extracellular vesicles: A new mediator of intestinal information transmission.Chinese medical journal · 2025Article
- Isolation and Characterization of Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Mouse Lymph Nodes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Exosome miR-152-3p derived from small intestinal epithelium modulates aging process in adipocytes.3 Biotech · 2025Article
- Spatial transcriptomic profiling of the human fallopian tube epithelium reveals region-specific gene expression patterns.Communications biology · 2025Article
- The renaissance of oral tolerance: merging tradition and new insights.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Unique Physiological Mechanisms of Sperm Storage and Prolonged Sperm Survival in Hen Oviducts: A Review.The journal of poultry science · 2025Review
- Harnessing exosomes for advanced osteoarthritis therapy.Nanoscale · 2024Review
- Insights into the unique roles of extracellular vesicles for gut health modulation: Mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives.Current research in microbial sciences · 2024Review
- Regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by intestine epithelium-derived exosomes.Life metabolism · 2023Article
- Polycomb repressor complex 2 suppresses interferon-responsive MHC-II expression in melanoma cells and is associated with anti-PD-1 resistance.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitor response and toxicity: Challenges and opportunities.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- Review
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIntestinal epithelial cells secrete exosome-like vesicles. The aim of this study was to characterise murine intestinal epithelial exosomes and to analyse their capacity to inform the immune system in vivo in mice.
methodsEpithelial exosomes were obtained from the murine epithelial cell line MODE K incubated in the presence or absence of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) together with pepsin/trypsin ovalbumin hydrolysate (hOVA) to mimic luminal digestion. Exosomes isolated from MODE K conditioned media (EXO-hOVA and EXO-hOVA-IFN) were characterised by western blot, peptide mapping, and mass spectrometry. They were injected intraperitoneally to C3H/HeN mice to test their immunocompetence.
resultsMODE K epithelial exosomes displayed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II (upregulated by IFN-gamma) molecules and tetraspan proteins (CD9, CD81, CD82) potentially involved in the binding to target cells. A33 antigen, an Ig-like molecule highly specific for intestinal epithelial cells, was enriched in exosomes and was also found in mice mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting exosome migration towards the gut associated lymphoid tissues. Intraperitoneal injection of EXO-hOVA or EXO-hOVA-IFN did not induce humoral or cellular tolerance to OVA in mice. In contrast, exosomes obtained after incubation with IFN-gamma (EXO-hOVA-IFN), bearing abundant MHC class II/OVA complexes, induced a specific humoral immune response.
conclusionsEpithelial exosomes are antigen presenting vesicles bearing MHC class II/peptide complexes that prime for an immunogenic rather than tolerogenic response in the context of a systemic challenge. In the intestine, both the mucosal microenvironment and local effector cells are probably key players in determining the outcome of the immune response to exosome derived epitopes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.