ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2003
Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1,247 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1,247 citing papers in PubMed, 2,682 citations in OpenAlex.
- From medicine to fields: what the 2026 nobel prize means for agricultural biotechnology.Advanced biotechnology · 2026Article
- Article
- From optical control to translational readiness: an evidence-tiered framework for optogenetics in neuromuscular and neurological disorders.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Nobels oblige.Nature plants · 2026Article
- Optogenetic vision restoration: translational barriers and emerging therapeutic strategies.Gene therapy · 2026Review
- Optogenetics meets automated patch clamp.iScience · 2026Article
- Crosstalk-free optical indicator-actuator combinations for bidirectional optogenetics.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Deterministic wet etching of aspheric fiber microlenses with tunable conic geometry for tailored optical functionality.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Light-dependent processes in algae across scales: from cellular physiology to ecological organization.Plant physiology · 2026Review
- Red-shifted GRAB acetylcholine sensors for multiplex imaging in vivo.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sensory neurons shape γδ T cell effector programs to control Psoriasiform Inflammation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The lethal symbiont: exploring the pathophysiology of cancer.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Signaling Connectomics: A Brain-wide Framework for Intercellular Communication.Experimental neurobiology · 2026Article
- Optogenetic Isolation of the Amacrine Cell-OFF Bipolar Cell Synapse Shows Selective D1R Control of Glycinergic Transmission.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Electrical coupling between transplanted cardiomyocytes and host myocardium to prevent arrhythmia.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Review
- Motilitometer: A compact modular microscope for motility and photoresponse analysis of microorganisms.HardwareX · 2026Article
- Diverging pH dependence and photocycle dynamics across members of the CryoRhodopsin clade.Biophysical journal · 2026Article
- A red-light gate for a cation channel: The conducting state of channelrhodopsin-1 from Chlamydomonas augustae.Biophysical journal · 2026Article
- Multi-site temporal control of optogenetic stimulation enhances firing frequencies in peripheral nerves.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Channel gating in bacteriorhodopsin-like channelrhodopsins with contrasting KBiophysical journal · 2026Article
1,187 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microbial-type rhodopsins are found in archaea, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Some of them represent membrane ion transport proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump, or channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1), a recently identified light-gated proton channel from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ChR1 and ChR2, a related microbial-type rhodopsin from C. reinhardtii, were shown to be involved in generation of photocurrents of this green alga. We demonstrate by functional expression, both in oocytes of Xenopus laevis and mammalian cells, that ChR2 is a directly light-switched cation-selective ion channel. This channel opens rapidly after absorption of a photon to generate a large permeability for monovalent and divalent cations. ChR2 desensitizes in continuous light to a smaller steady-state conductance. Recovery from desensitization is accelerated by extracellular H+ and negative membrane potential, whereas closing of the ChR2 ion channel is decelerated by intracellular H+. ChR2 is expressed mainly in C. reinhardtii under low-light conditions, suggesting involvement in photoreception in dark-adapted cells. The predicted seven-transmembrane alpha helices of ChR2 are characteristic for G protein-coupled receptors but reflect a different motif for a cation-selective ion channel. Finally, we demonstrate that ChR2 may be used to depolarize small or large cells, simply by illumination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.