ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2003
Income inequality and health: multilevel analysis of Chilean communities.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self-Rated Health and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Milbank quarterly · 2024Pooled it
- Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review.The Milbank quarterly · 2004Pooled it
- A framework for modeling county-level COVID-19 transmission.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Wealth, health and inequality in Agta foragers.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2023Article
- Income inequality and self-rated health status in Colombia.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
- Association between 24-h movement guidelines and cardiometabolic health in Chilean adults.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Prevalence and co-occurrence of lifestyle risk factors for non-communicable diseases according to sociodemographic characteristics among adults Chilean residents.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Lifetime socioeconomic determinants of health trajectories among older adults.Advances in life course research · 2021Article
- Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Identifying geospatial patterns in wealth disparity in child malnutrition across 640 districts in India.SSM - population health · 2020Article
- Identifying hotspots of cardiometabolic outcomes based on a Bayesian approach: The example of Chile.PloS one · 2020Article
- Determinants of health care utilisation: the case of Timor-Leste.International health · 2018Article
- Private health insurance in Germany and Chile: two stories of co-existence, segmentation and conflict.International journal for equity in health · 2018Article
- Inequality of opportunity in health: evidence from Chile.Revista de saude publica · 2017Article
- The impact of income inequality and national wealth on child and adolescent mortality in low and middle-income countries.BMC public health · 2017Article
- Determinants analysis of outpatient service utilisation in Georgia: can the approach help inform benefit package design?Health research policy and systems · 2017Article
- Out-of-pocket health expenditure and fairness in utilization of health care facilities in Cambodia in 2005 and 2010.F1000Research · 2017Article
- Poverty, inequality and a political economy of mental health.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2015Article
- Article
- Perception of neighborhood crime and drugs increases cardiometabolic risk in Chilean adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveThe evidence supporting the effect of income inequality on health has been largely observed in societies far more egalitarian than the US. This study examines the cross sectional multilevel associations between income inequality and self rated poor health in Chile; a society more unequal than the US.
designA multilevel statistical framework of 98 344 people nested within 61 978 households nested within 285 communities nested within 13 regions.
settingThe 2000 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN) data from Chile.
participantsAdults aged 18 and above. The outcome was a dichotomised self rated health (0 if very good, good or average; 1 if poor, or very poor). Individual level exposures included age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education, employment status, type of health insurance, and household level exposures include income and residential setting (urban/rural). Community level exposures included the Gini coefficient and median income. MAIN
resultsControlling for individual/household predictors, a significant gradient was observed between income and poor self rated health, with very poor most likely to report poor health (OR: 2.94) followed by poor (OR: 2.77), low (OR: 2.06), middle (OR: 1.73), high (OR: 1.38) as compared with the very high income earners. Controlling for household and community effects of income, a significant effect of community income inequality was observed (OR:1.22).
conclusionsHousehold income does not explain any of the between community differences; neither does it account for the effect of community income inequality on self rated health, with more unequal communities associated with a greater probability of reporting poor health.
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Registered trials
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