ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2003
Earlier smoking habits are associated with higher serum lipids and lower milk fat and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the first 6 months of lactation.
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemical Components in the Breast Milk of Passive Smoker Women: A Systematic Review and Health Risks Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding on human milk composition-a systematic review.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal BMI is positively associated with human milk fat: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Review
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lactation.Cureus · 2024Review
- Article
- Food Insecurity and Maternal Diet Influence Human Milk Composition between the Infant's Birth and 6 Months after Birth in Central-Africa.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Human milk nutritional composition across lactational stages in Central Africa.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Effect of E-cigarettes aerosol exposure during lactation in rats: Hormonal and biochemical aspects.Environmental toxicology and pharmacology · 2021Article
- Determinants of fatty acid content and composition of human milk fed to infants born weighing <1250 g.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth.Nutrients · 2021Article
- The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Nutritional and Non-nutritional Composition of Human Milk Is Modulated by Maternal, Infant, and Methodological Factors.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
- Microbes in Infant Gut Development: Placing Abundance Within Environmental, Clinical and Growth Parameters.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Maternal Diet and Nutrient Requirements in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. An Italian Consensus Document.Nutrients · 2016Review
- Breast milk DHA levels may increase after informing women: a community-based cohort study from South Dakota USA.International breastfeeding journal · 2016Article
- Contribution of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to human milk is still low in Hungarian mothers.European journal of pediatrics · 2015Article
- Epigenetic effects of human breast milk.Nutrients · 2014Review
- A low alpha-linolenic intake during early life increases adiposity in the adult guinea pig.Nutrition & metabolism · 2010Article
- Association of serum phospholipid fatty acids with breast cancer risk among postmenopausal cigarette smokers.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the relation between maternal smoking habits, plasma lipids and milk fatty acid (FA) content and composition.
designBreastfeeding mothers who gave birth to healthy, full-term infants were recruited. Mothers were interviewed on smoking habits, being defined smokers (S) when usually smoking at least five cigarettes per day before pregnancy.
settingDepartment of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy. SUBJECTS: In total, 92 mothers: 61 non-S (NS) and 31 S.
interventionsPooled hindmilk was collected at the first raise of milk (colostrum stage), 1, 3 and 6 months, and total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated. Maternal dietary habits were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Two subsamples (16 NS, 6 S) were investigated after delivery and at 3 months for serum lipids and FA status. At 6 months after delivery, the number of mothers still breastfeeding decreased to 30. Variables were compared using nonparametric tests.
resultsIn smoking mothers serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins were higher, while those of high-density lipoproteins were lower. TL content in breast milk was similar in the two groups just after delivery but higher in milk from NS at 1 month. TL content and FA absolute amounts of linoleic, arachidonic, alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid in breast milk were lower in S vs NS 1 month after delivery. Also 3 months after delivery, the breast milk of smoking mothers contained less DHA than the breast milk of nonsmoking mothers.
conclusionsMaternal cigarette smoking in early pregnancy is associated with higher plasma lipid levels and lower milk TL and DHA content in the first months of lactation.
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