ArticlePharmaceutical research2003
Transdermal reverse iontophoresis of valproate: a noninvasive method for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Percutaneous extraction using sponge spicules for disease diagnosis and therapeutic drug monitoring.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effect of Urea on Drug Extraction Efficiency in Reverse Iontophoresis.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Reverse Iontophoresis: Noninvasive Assessment of Topical Drug Bioavailability.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Epidermal Wearable Biosensors for the Continuous Monitoring of Biomarkers of Chronic Disease in Interstitial Fluid.Micromachines · 2023Review
- Reverse Iontophoretic Extraction of Skin Cancer-Related Biomarkers.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Current Advancements in Transdermal Biosensing and Targeted Drug Delivery.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Iontophoretic transdermal sampling of iohexol as a non-invasive tool to assess glomerular filtration rate.Pharmaceutical research · 2015Article
- Hydrogel-forming microneedles increase in volume during swelling in skin, but skin barrier function recovery is unaffected.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2014Article
- Accuracy of a Novel Non-Invasive technology based EZSCAN system for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in Chinese.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2011Article
- Noninvasive measurement of phenylalanine by iontophoretic extraction in patients with phenylketonuria.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2007Article
- Transport numbers in transdermal iontophoresis.Biophysical journal · 2006Article
- Electroosmosis in transdermal iontophoresis: implications for noninvasive and calibration-free glucose monitoring.Biophysical journal · 2004Article
- Reverse iontophoresis as a noninvasive tool for lithium monitoring and pharmacokinetic profiling.Pharmaceutical research · 2004Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe objectives of this work were (a) to explore the potential of transdermal reverse iontophoresis for therapeutic drug monitoring and (b) to develop an "internal standard" calibration procedure so as to render the technique completely noninvasive.
methodsA series of in vitro iontophoresis experiments was performed in which the subdermal concentration of sodium valproate was varied from 21 microM to 1 mM. Glutamic acid was also introduced into the subdermal donor at a fixed concentration to act as an "internal standard" for the calibration method.
resultsBoth valproate and glutamate anions were recovered, as expected, at the anodal receptor chamber. The iontophoretic extraction flux of valproate was linearly correlated with the subdermal concentration. Glutamate flux was constant. It follows that the ratio of extracted fluxes (valproate/glutamate) was directly dependent upon (a) the subdermal valproate concentration and (b) the subdermal concentration ratio (valproate/glutamate), offering a means, thereby, to a completely noninvasive methodology.
conclusionsThis work demonstrates the potential of reverse iontophoresis for noninvasive therapeutic monitoring. The simultaneous quantification of the analyte of interest and of an "internal standard" renders the withdrawal of a blood sample unnecessary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.