ArticleMolecular biology of the cell2003
A novel cytoplasmic tail MXXXL motif mediates the internalization of prostate-specific membrane antigen.
Article in Molecular biology of the cell, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 218 citations in OpenAlex.
- Joint EANM/SNMMI procedure guideline for the use ofEuropean journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2023Guideline
- Deep learning-based PSMA PET segmentation repeatability: A post-hoc analysis of a single-center, prospective, test-retest trial.La Radiologia medica · 2026Trial
- [Significance of PSMA imaging in prostate cancer].Der Urologe. Ausg. A · 2017Trial
- PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy in prostate cancer: evidence hierarchy, platform maturity of ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617, and the clinical differentiation challenge for emerging radionuclides.Annals of nuclear medicine · 2026Review
- PSMA-Targeted Liposomes for Therapeutic Delivery into a Prostate Cancer Cell Model.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Prospective Intraindividual Comparison of Ga-68 PSMA and F-18 FDG Dual-Tracer PET/CT Imaging in Evaluation of High-Grade Prostate Cancer.World journal of nuclear medicine · 2026Article
- Development of Radioligand Therapy-Responsive Syngeneic Prostate Models through Murine Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Point Mutation.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Phosphorescent Iridium Hydrazinonicotinic Acid (HYNIC) Complexes That Bind to Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen: Potential Photodynamic Therapy of Prostate Cancer.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Lutetium-177 Radiolabeled Gold Nanoparticles for Prostate Cancer Theranostics.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prostate‑specific membrane antigen: Molecular functions and emerging roles as a therapeutic target (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Expression of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Salivary Gland Tumors.Oncology and therapy · 2026Article
- Enhancing Cytosolic Internalization of [International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The evolving landscape of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for treatment of prostate cancer.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Review
- Aptamers as target-specific recognition elements in drug delivery.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- Development of an in situ CAR-T cell protocol through optical and PSMA-targeted PET imaging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- PSMA antibody, humanized PSMA.CAR10.3, or Cetuximab increases prostate cancer localization of NF-κB p50-deficient immature myeloid cells (p50-IMC) and phagocytosis by their macrophage progeny.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Biological determinants of PSMA expression, regulation and heterogeneity in prostate cancer.Nature reviews. Urology · 2025Review
- Bispecific immunotherapy based on antibodies, T-cell receptors, and aptamers: mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Theranostics Nuclear Medicine in Prostate Cancer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- A peculiar distribution onRadiology case reports · 2024Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein expressed at high levels in prostate cancer and in tumor-associated neovasculature. In this study, we report that PSMA is internalized via a clathrin-dependent endocytic mechanism and that internalization of PSMA is mediated by the five N-terminal amino acids (MWNLL) present in its cytoplasmic tail. Deletion of the cytoplasmic tail abolished PSMA internalization. Mutagenesis of N-terminal amino acid residues at position 2, 3, or 4 to alanine did not affect internalization of PSMA, whereas mutation of amino acid residues 1 or 5 to alanine strongly inhibited internalization. Using a chimeric protein composed of Tac antigen, the alpha-chain of interleukin 2-receptor, fused to the first five amino acids of PSMA (Tac-MWNLL), we found that this sequence is sufficient for PSMA internalization. In addition, inclusion of additional alanines into the MWNLL sequence either in the Tac chimera or the full-length PSMA strongly inhibited internalization. From these results, we suggest that a novel MXXXL motif in the cytoplasmic tail mediates PSMA internalization. We also show that dominant negative micro2 of the adaptor protein (AP)-2 complex strongly inhibits the internalization of PSMA, indicating that AP-2 is involved in the internalization of PSMA mediated by the MXXXL motif.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.