ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2003
Identification of App1 as a regulator of phagocytosis and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 150 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with strain-specific virulence differences among clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- Use of a human immortalized microglia cell line to study recognition, phagocytosis, and intracellular survival ofmSphere · 2026Article
- Thermotolerant insect-associated selective pressure may drive increased lipid metabolic plasticity and emerging pathogenic potential in yeasts.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Antifungal Innate Immunity.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Elements of dissemination in cryptococcosis.mBio · 2024Review
- Manipulation of host phagocytosis by fungal pathogens and therapeutic opportunities.Nature microbiology · 2024Review
- Inbred Mouse Models inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Diacylglycerol metabolism and homeostasis in fungal physiology.FEMS yeast research · 2024Review
- Fungal mechanisms of intracellular survival: what can we learn from bacterial pathogens?Infection and immunity · 2023Review
- Importance of Clinical Isolates inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Fungal resilience and host-pathogen interactions: Future perspectives and opportunities.Parasite immunology · 2023Review
- Sterylglucosides in Fungi.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A dissemination-prone morphotype enhances extrapulmonary organ entry by Cryptococcus neoformans.Cell host & microbe · 2022Article
- Cryptococcus neoformans Database in Synthetic Biology Open Language.Microbiology resource announcements · 2022Article
- Microbiota manipulation through the secretion of effector proteins is fundamental to the wealth of lifestyles in the fungal kingdom.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2022Review
- Categorizing Sequences of Concern by Function To Better Assess Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis.Infection and immunity · 2022Review
- Macrophage Mediated Immunomodulation DuringFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Cholesterol and sphingomyelin are critical for Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by macrophages.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2021Article
- Camouflage strategies for therapeutic exosomes evasion from phagocytosis.Journal of advanced research · 2021Review
- The Environmental Effects on Virulence Factors and the Antifungal Susceptibility ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that, after inhalation, can disseminate to the brain. Host alveolar macrophages (AMs) represent the first defense against the fungus. Once phagocytosed by AMs, fungal cells are killed by a concerted mechanism, involving the host-cellular response. If the cellular response is impaired, phagocytosis of the fungus may be detrimental for the host, since C. neoformans can grow within macrophages. Here, we identified a novel cryptococcal gene encoding antiphagocytic protein 1 (App1). App1 is a cryptococcal cytoplasmic protein that is secreted extracellularly and found in the serum of infected patients. App1 does not affect melanin production, capsule formation, or growth of C. neoformans. Treatment with recombinant App1 inhibited phagocytosis of fungal cells through a complement-mediated mechanism, and Deltaapp1 mutant is readily phagocytosed by AMs. Interestingly, the Deltaapp1 mutant strain showed a decreased virulence in mice deficient for complement C5 (A/Jcr), but it was hypervirulent in mice deficient for T and NK cells (Tgepsilon26). This study identifies App1 as a novel regulator of virulence for C. neoformans, and it highlights that internalization of fungal cells by AMs increases the dissemination of C. neoformans when the host cellular response is impaired.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.