ReviewJournal of leukocyte biology2003
The role of the combination of IL-2 and TGF-beta or IL-10 in the generation and function of CD4+ CD25+ and CD8+ regulatory T cell subsets.
Review in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Inability of a fusion protein of IL-2 and diphtheria toxin (Denileukin Diftitox, DAB389IL-2, ONTAK) to eliminate regulatory T lymphocytes in patients with melanoma.Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)Trial
- Balancing inflammation and regeneration: immune cell dynamics in nerve repair: a comprehensive review.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Engineered macroporous gelatin scaffolds enhance lymph node fibroblastic reticular cell identity and enable diabetogenic T cell immunomodulation.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- Review
- Immunotherapy for High-Grade Gliomas.Cancers · 2025Review
- Regulatory TCells · 2023Review
- Oral tolerance to prevent anti-drug antibody formation in protein replacement therapies.Cellular immunology · 2022Review
- CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- TNF-TNFR2 Signal Plays a Decisive Role in the Activation of CD4Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- A Guide to Nucleic Acid Vaccines in the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Cancers: From Basic Principles to Current Applications.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Comparison of rapamycin and methylprednisolone for treating inflammatory muscle disease in a murine model of experimental autoimmune myositis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor signaling regulates kinase networks and phosphatidylinositol metabolism during T-cell activation.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2020Article
- Old Friends, immunoregulation, and stress resilience.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2019Review
- Helios but not CD226, TIGIT and Foxp3 is a Potential Marker for CD4Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology · 2019Article
- Contribution of Regulatory T Cells in Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 2 Response to Influenza Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Tryptophan and arginine catabolic enzymes and regulatory cytokines in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis.Clinical & translational immunology · 2018Article
- Search for biomarkers of asbestos exposure and asbestos-induced cancers in investigations of the immunological effects of asbestos.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2017Review
- Article
- Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recently, considerable attention has been focused on thymus-derived CD4+ regulatory T cells that constitutively express CD25 and have a contact-dependent, cytokine-independent mechanism in vitro. However, peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can also be induced to become regulatory T cells. Here we review our studies using the combination of IL-2 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) to generate regulatory T cell subsets ex vivo, and the work of others using IL-10 to induce suppressive activity. Under certain conditions, the autocrine effects of TGF-beta and IL-10 induce peripheral T cells to produce immunosuppressive levels of each of these cytokines. This effect of TGF-beta is IL-2 dependent. Under other conditions IL-2 and TGF-beta can induce CD4+ cells to develop potent contact-dependent, cytokine-independent regulatory activity. At present, there is considerable confusion concerning the mechanism of action of CD4+ CD25+ cells because cytokine-producing regulatory T cells generated in the periphery can express CD25 and other markers displayed by naturally occurring, thymus-derived regulatory T cells. We, therefore, propose a nomenclature that identifies thymus-derived and peripheral regulatory cells, and that also differentiates T regulatory cells from T helper cells. Because T regulatory cells broadly control T helper cell reactivity, the mechanisms that control regulatory cell function are also reviewed. Finally, the potential use of regulatory T cells generated ex vivo as an adoptive immunotherapy for certain autoimmune diseases, to prevent organ graft rejection, or to prevent pathologic host responses to infectious agents is discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.