ArticleJournal of virology2003
High rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombination: near-random segregation of markers one kilobase apart in one round of viral replication.
Article in Journal of virology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mutation of HIV-1 genomes in a clinical population treated with the mutagenic nucleoside KP1461.PloS one · 2011Trial
- Pool-packaged AAV libraries exhibit extensive length-dependent and homology-dependent chimerism.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- The seasonal behaviour of COVID-19 and its galectin-like culprit of the viral spike.Methods in microbiology · 2022Article
- Evolutionary Genetics ofMicroorganisms · 2021Review
- Phylogeny of partialHeliyon · 2020Article
- RNA Packaging in HIV.Trends in microbiology · 2019Review
- Recombination is required for efficient HIV-1 replication and the maintenance of viral genome integrity.Nucleic acids research · 2018Article
- Unravelling the complicated evolutionary and dissemination history of HIV-1M subtype A lineages.Virus evolution · 2018Article
- Patterns of genomic site inheritance in HIV-1M inter-subtype recombinants delineate the most likely genomic sites of subtype-specific adaptation.Virus evolution · 2018Article
- Review
- Resolution of Specific Nucleotide Mismatches by Wild-Type and AZT-Resistant Reverse Transcriptases during HIV-1 Replication.Journal of molecular biology · 2016Article
- Minimal Contribution of APOBEC3-Induced G-to-A Hypermutation to HIV-1 Recombination and Genetic Variation.PLoS pathogens · 2016Article
- Article
- HIV-1 RNA genome dimerizes on the plasma membrane in the presence of Gag protein.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2016Article
- High recombination potential of subtype A HIV-1.Virology · 2015Article
- Viral Genetic Diversity and Polymorphisms in a Cohort of HIV-1-Infected Patients Eligible for Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in Abuja, Nigeria.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2015Article
- Reverse Transcription of Retroviruses and LTR Retrotransposons.Microbiology spectrum · 2015Review
- High-throughput profiling of point mutations across the HIV-1 genome.Retrovirology · 2014Article
- Review
- Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) env recombinants are common in natural infections.Retrovirology · 2014Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
One of the genetic consequences of packaging two copies of full-length viral RNA into a single retroviral virion is frequent recombination during reverse transcription. Many of the currently circulating strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are recombinants. Recombination can also accelerate the generation of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 and therefore presents challenges to effective antiviral therapy. In this study, we determined that HIV-1 recombination rates with markers 1.0, 1.3, and 1.9 kb apart were 42.4, 50.4, and 47.4% in one round of viral replication. Because the predicted recombination rate of two unlinked markers is 50%, we conclude that markers 1 kb apart segregated in a manner similar to that for two unlinked markers in one round of retroviral replication. These recombination rates are exceedingly high even among retroviruses. Recombination rates of markers separated by 1 kb are 4 and 4.7% in one round of spleen necrosis virus and murine leukemia virus replication, respectively. Therefore, HIV-1 recombination can be 10-fold higher than that of other retroviruses. Recombination can be observed only in the proviruses derived from heterozygous virions that contain two genotypically different RNAs. The high rates of HIV-1 recombination observed in our studies also indicate that heterozygous virions are formed efficiently during HIV-1 replication and most HIV-1 virions are capable of undergoing recombination. Our results demonstrate that recombination is an effective mechanism to break the genetic linkage between neighboring sequences, thereby reassorting the HIV-1 genome and increasing the diversity in the viral population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.