SynthesisArchives of disease in childhood2003
Formula feed preparation: helping reduce the risks; a systematic review.
Synthesis in Archives of disease in childhood, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mothers' experiences of bottle-feeding: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies.Archives of disease in childhood · 2009Pooled it
- Weight monitoring of breastfed babies in the United Kingdom--interpreting, explaining and intervening.Maternal & child nutrition · 2006Pooled it
- Exploring the use and experience of an infant feeding genogram to facilitate an assets-based approach to support infant feeding.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2020Trial
- Modifications to Infant Formula Instructions Improve the Accuracy of Formula Dispensing.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Growth of Infants Fed Formula with Evolving Nutrition Composition: A Single-Arm Non-Inferiority Study.Nutrients · 2017Trial
- Breastfeeding Best Start study: training midwives in a 'hands off' positioning and attachment intervention.Maternal & child nutrition · 2007Trial
- Navigating Without a Compass: A Qualitative Study on Parents' Infant Formula Handling.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Accuracy in Measurement of Infant Formula Powder and Water by Caregivers With and Without a Crying Baby Present.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Variability and error in measurement of infant formula powder and water: an experimental study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Refeeding Syndrome Developed in a Patient With Kwashiorkor Can Mimic Findings of Mitochondrial Disorder.Clinical medicine insights. Case reports · 2022Article
- "If there is no water, we cannot feed our children": The far-reaching consequences of water insecurity on infant feeding practices and infant health across 16 low- and middle-income countries.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2020Article
- Accuracy of formula preparation equipment for liquid measurement.Molecular genetics and metabolism reports · 2014Article
- Milk sharing and formula feeding: Infant feeding risks in comparative perspective?The Australasian medical journal · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsTo assess what is known about the risks associated with errors in reconstituting the present generation of infant formula feeds, and to examine which methods are likely to be safest.
methodsSystematic review, and examination of the range of infant formula products currently on sale in the UK. Studies from developed countries conducted after 1977 were included. All studies investigating the reconstitution of formula feeds for full term, healthy babies were eligible. Parameters studied were: measures of accuracy of feed reconstitution including fat, protein, total solids, energy content, and osmolality of feed; weight of powder in scoop; and reported method of preparing feed and measuring powder. Formula products were collected from one large UK supermarket in 2002. Number of different types of infant formula preparations available for sale were determined, together with scoop sizes for powdered preparations.
resultsOnly five studies were identified, none of adequate quality or size. All found errors in reconstitution, with a tendency to over-concentrate feeds; under-concentration also occurred. Thirty one different formula preparations were available for sale in one UK supermarket, with a range of scoop sizes. Some preparations had never been tested.
conclusionsThere is a paucity of evidence available to inform the proper use of breast milk substitutes, and a large array of different preparations for sale. Given the impact incorrect reconstitution of formula feeds can have on the health of large numbers of babies, there is an important and urgent need to examine ways of minimising the risks of feed preparation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.