ArticleThe EMBO journal1992
What limits affinity maturation of antibodies in Xenopus--the rate of somatic mutation or the ability to select mutants?
Article in The EMBO journal, 1992. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extrafollicular and Other Non-Germinal Center B Cell Responses: An Evolutionary Perspective.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Cold-blooded vertebrates evolved organized germinal center-like structures.Science immunology · 2023Article
- The amphibian immune system.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- 450 million years in the making: mapping the evolutionary foundations of germinal centers.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Ancestral reconstruction reveals catalytic inactivation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase concomitant with cold water adaption in the Gadiformes bony fish.BMC biology · 2022Article
- Immunoglobulin VDJ repertoires reveal hallmarks of germinal centers in unique cell clusters isolated from zebrafish (Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Immunoglobulin M in Health and Diseases: How Far Have We Come and What Next?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Sequential Immunization With Heterologous Viruses Does Not Result in Attrition of the B Cell Memory in Rainbow Trout.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- A cold-blooded view of adaptive immunity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2018Review
- Diversity of Immunoglobulin (Ig) Isotypes and the Role of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) in Fish.Molecular biotechnology · 2018Review
- Frog's DCs have it all in one.European journal of immunology · 2018Article
- "Double-duty" conventional dendritic cells in the amphibian Xenopus as the prototype for antigen presentation to B cells.European journal of immunology · 2018Article
- Review of the Amphibian Immune Response to Chytridiomycosis, and Future Directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection.Nature communications · 2016Article
- African Lungfish Reveal the Evolutionary Origins of Organized Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue in Vertebrates.Current biology : CB · 2015Article
- Review
- Unique Features of Fish Immune Repertoires: Particularities of Adaptive Immunity Within the Largest Group of Vertebrates.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2015Review
- The immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates.Biomolecules · 2014Review
- The astonishing diversity of Ig classes and B cell repertoires in teleost fish.Frontiers in immunology · 2013Article
- Teleost fish mount complex clonal IgM and IgT responses in spleen upon systemic viral infection.PLoS pathogens · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although the Xenopus immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is structurally and functionally similar to mammalian IgH loci, Xenopus antibodies are limited in heterogeneity, and they mature only slightly in affinity during immune responses. During the antibody response of isogenic frogs to DNP-KLH, mu and upsilon cDNA sequences using elements of the VH1 family were cloned, sequenced and compared with germline counterparts. There were zero to four mutations per sequence, mostly single base substitutions, in the framework and CDRs 1 and 2 of VH. No mutations were found in JH. Since the point mutation rate was only 4- to 7-fold lower than that calculated for mice, affinity maturation does not seem to be limited by mutant availability. Because of a relatively low ratio of replacement to silent mutations in the CDRs and a very high ratio of GC to AT base pairs altered by mutation, it is suggested that the problem results from the absence of an effective mechanism for selecting mutants, which in turn might be related to the absence of germinal centers in Xenopus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.