ReviewAnatomy and embryology1992
The avian muscle spindle.
Review in Anatomy and embryology, 1992. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The evolution of muscle spindles.Experimental physiology · 2025Review
- ERR2 and ERR3 promote the development of gamma motor neuron functional properties required for proprioceptive movement control.PLoS biology · 2022Article
- Article
- Spontaneous locomotor activity in late-stage chicken embryos is modified by stretch of leg muscles.The Journal of experimental biology · 2014Article
- Observational study on the occurrence of muscle spindles in human digastric and mylohyoideus muscles.BioMed research international · 2014Observational
- Retention of Pax3 expression in satellite cells of muscle spindles.The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society · 2010Article
- Pax7 shows higher satellite cell frequencies and concentrations within intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles.The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society · 2008Article
- Structure, distribution and innervation of muscle spindles in avian fast and slow skeletal muscle.Journal of anatomy · 1999Article
- Development of chicken intrafusal muscle fibers.Cell and tissue research · 1993Article
- Regional differences in organization of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton at the equator of chicken intrafusal muscle fibres.Journal of muscle research and cell motility · 1993Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The literature on the morphology and physiology of the avian muscle spindle is reviewed, with emphasis placed on the period from 1960 to 1991. Traits similar to or different from mammalian spindles are recognized. Apart from receptors with low intrafusal fiber counts, bird spindles contain two or three types of intrafusal fiber. Unlike that of mammals, the equatorial fiber structure in birds does not lend itself to classification into nuclear bag and nuclear chain types. Avian intrafusal fibers are separable into types based on differences in myosin heavy chain composition and motor innervation, but apportionment of these fiber types to individual spindles is more variable in birds than in mammals. There is morphological evidence in birds for the existence of both gamma and beta innervation; however, confirmation of these systems by physiological experiments is at best sketchy. A general lack of physiological data is currently the greatest drawback to a better understanding of how the avian receptor works, and what role it plays in sensorimotor integration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.