ReviewInfection and immunity1992
The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental?
Review in Infection and immunity, 1992. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- An integrated immunopathological model of syphilis serofast: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of syphilis infection on HIV acquisition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sexually transmitted infections · 2021Pooled it
- Review
- Dysregulation of circulating T follicular helper cell subsets and their potential role in the pathogenesis of syphilis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Sepsis Due to BloodstreamInfection and drug resistance · 2021Article
- Persistent Infection and Long-Term Carriage of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
- Syphilis reinfection is associated with an attenuated immune profile in the same individual: a prospective observational cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Inbred Rats as a Model to Study Persistent Renal Leptospirosis and Associated Cellular Immune Responsiveness.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2018Article
- CXCL13 and TH1/Th2 cytokines in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neurosyphilis patients.Medicine · 2017Article
- The immunological response to syphilis differs by HIV status; a prospective observational cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Induction of a T-Helper 1 (Th1) immune response in mice by an extract from the Pleurotus eryngii (Eringi) mushroom.Journal of medicinal food · 2012Article
- Immunomodulation Mechanism of Antidepressants: Interactions between Serotonin/Norepinephrine Balance and Th1/Th2 Balance.Current neuropharmacology · 2012Article
- Cytokine gene expression in skin of susceptible guinea-pig infected with Treponema pallidum.Immunology · 1998Article
- Heterogeneity of cytokine functions in HIV infection.Immunology · 1997Article
- Type 1 and type 2 cytokine dysregulation in human infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases.Clinical microbiology reviews · 1996Review
- T helper cell dichotomy to Candida albicans: implications for pathology, therapy, and vaccine design.Immunologic research · 1995Review
- Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from biopsy specimens taken from healthy-looking skin of patients with Lyme borreliosis.Journal of clinical microbiology · 1994Article
- Distinct H-2 complex control of mortality, and immune responses to tuberculosis infection in virgin and BCG-vaccinated mice.Clinical and experimental immunology · 1993Article
- The importance of different components of normal human serum and lysozyme in the rapid immobilisation of purified Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain.Genitourinary medicine · 1993Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Organisms that cause chronic diseases have evolved mechanisms to evade those immune defenses that resolve the acute stage of infection (10, 12-14, 21, 22, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45-49, 53). Much is to be learned by specifically identifying the mechanisms underlying these evasive strategies. Important new insights will emerge in terms of immunoregulatory pathways. This in turn will facilitate vaccine development. A good example is leishmania infection. The acute stage of this disease is resolved by DTH-macrophage activation. Leishmanial components preferentially activate Th2 lymphocytes. As a consequence, Th1 effects are minimized and infection is exacerbated leading to chronicity (10, 14, 32). To overcome this negative tendency, leishmanial vaccines are administered in combination with exogenous gamma interferon (42). This selects for Th1 predominance and generates protective immunity. Syphilis exhibits many parallels to the other nine chronic diseases mentioned above. Similarities include an acute localized stage that readily heals, early clearance via DTH-macrophage activation, transient concomitant immunity during acute infection, development of macrophage suppression through PGE2 down-regulation, beneficial effects of exogenous gamma interferon, and elements of autoimmunity. Some of the complexities of immunoregulation during treponemal infection have just begun to be unraveled. It will be important to develop further insight into the Th1/Th2 switch especially as it relates to chronicity. Macrophages seem to be intimately involved in the mechanics of this switch, and their specific role needs further clarification. Whatever is learned about syphilis, as well as other chronic infections will contribute to a better understanding of the generalized pathways of immunoregulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.