ArticleDiabetologia2003
The prevalence of insulin autoantibodies at the onset of Type 1 diabetes is higher in males than females during adolescence.
Article in Diabetologia, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasmid-encoded proinsulin preserves C-peptide while specifically reducing proinsulin-specific CD8⁺ T cells in type 1 diabetes.Science translational medicine · 2013Trial
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Secular trends in HbA1c levels among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Sex as a modifier of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Current evidence on gender-related risk factors for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a reappraisal of the Italian study group on gender difference in endocrine diseases.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Review
- Sexual dimorphism in COVID-19: potential clinical and public health implications.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2022Review
- Graves disease is more prevalent than Hashimoto disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Distinct clinical and laboratory characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in relation to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.World journal of diabetes · 2014Review
- B cells and type 1 diabetes ...in mice and men.Immunology letters · 2014Review
- Role of B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2014Review
- Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in a population-based cohort of Polish patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2012Article
- Rising incidence of type 1 diabetes is associated with altered immunophenotype at diagnosis.Diabetes · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe incidence of Type 1 diabetes shows little sex bias up to age 15 years, but more males are diagnosed in early adult life. Humoral responses to the beta cell antigen insulin could help to reveal the mechanism underlying this difference. We therefore determined the influence of sex on the prevalence of insulin autoantibodies (IAA) at diagnosis.
methodsIAA were measured by radiobinding assay in 598 patients with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes (aged 10.5, range 0.8-20.7 years, 333 male), and analysed according to age, sex and HLA class II genotype.
resultsOverall, 74% of males and 65% of females had IAA above the 97.5(th) centile of 2860 schoolchildren ( p=0.028). IAA prevalence was similar in males and females under the age of 15 (0-4 yr, 95% vs 88%; 5-9 yr, 76% vs 73%; 10-14 yr, 67% vs 58%), but male excess was seen between 15 and 21 years (66% vs. 32%, p(corr)=0.016). HLA class II genotype was available for 426 patients. IAA prevalence in DR4 homozygous patients was 87%, in DR4 heterozygous patients 72% and in DR4 negative patients 55% ( p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed independent association of IAA with age ( p<0.001), number of DR4 alleles ( p<0.001) and male sex ( p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationThe prevalence of IAA in patients with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes is higher in males than females between 15 and 21 years of age. The lower prevalence of IAA in adolescent females implies sex-specific modulation of the autoimmune process during puberty.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.