ArticleJournal of virology2003
Characterization of RNA elements that regulate gag-pol ribosomal frameshifting in equine infectious anemia virus.
Article in Journal of virology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protein-inducible ribosomal frameshifting enables programmable translational control for genetic circuit design in Escherichia coli.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- High-throughput screening and characterization of novel inhibitors targeting HIV-1 protease precursor autoprocessing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Equine lentivirus Gag protein degrades mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein via the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Targeting HIV-1 Protease Autoprocessing for High-throughput Drug Discovery and Drug Resistance Assessment.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Ribosomal frameshifting and transcriptional slippage: From genetic steganography and cryptography to adventitious use.Nucleic acids research · 2016Review
- Article
- Understanding HIV-1 protease autoprocessing for novel therapeutic development.Future medicinal chemistry · 2013Article
- Cysteine 95 and other residues influence the regulatory effects of Histidine 69 mutations on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 protease autoprocessing.Retrovirology · 2010Article
- Modulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease autoprocessing by charge properties of surface residue 69.Journal of virology · 2009Article
- Identification of a new antizyme mRNA +1 frameshifting stimulatory pseudoknot in a subset of diverse invertebrates and its apparent absence in intermediate species.Journal of molecular biology · 2004Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Synthesis of Gag-Pol polyproteins of retroviruses requires ribosomes to shift translational reading frame once or twice in a -1 direction to read through the stop codon in the gag reading frame. It is generally believed that a slippery sequence and a downstream RNA structure are required for the programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting. However, the mechanism regulating the Gag-Pol frameshifting remains poorly understood. In this report, we have defined specific mRNA elements required for sufficient ribosomal frameshifting in equine anemia infectious virus (EIAV) by using full-length provirus replication and Gag/Gag-Pol expression systems. The results of these studies revealed that frameshifting efficiency and viral replication were dependent on a characteristic slippery sequence, a five-base-paired GC stretch, and a pseudoknot structure. Heterologous slippery sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and visna virus were able to substitute for the EIAV slippery sequence in supporting EIAV replication. Disruption of the GC-paired stretch abolished the frameshifting required for viral replication, and disruption of the pseudoknot reduced the frameshifting efficiency by 60%. Our data indicated that maintenance of the essential RNA signals (slippery sequences and structural elements) in this region of the genomic mRNA was critical for sufficient ribosomal frameshifting and EIAV replication, while concomitant alterations in the amino acids translated from the same region of the mRNA could be tolerated during replication. The data further indicated that proviral mutations that reduced frameshifting efficiency by as much as 50% continued to sustain viral replication and that greater reductions in frameshifting efficiency lead to replication defects. These studies define for the first time the RNA sequence and structural determinants of Gag-Pol frameshifting necessary for EIAV replication, reveal novel aspects relative to frameshifting elements described for other retroviruses, and provide new genetic determinants that can be evaluated as potential antiviral targets.
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