ArticleThe American journal of pathology2003
The role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-12 in the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 181 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 436 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- The Shared IL-12/IL-35 p35 Subunit Is Associated With Heightened Atherogenic Risk in African Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- Evolocumab Alters Transcriptomic Signatures and Identifies Inflammatory Biomarkers in Brain-Heart Syndrome with Coronary Heart Disease History.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- T cells in cardiovascular disease: solved and unsolved mysteries.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Preeclampsia: Effects on Biomarkers and Prevention: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- "SERBP1 (Hero45) is a Novel Link with Ischemic Heart Disease Risk: Associations with Coronary Arteries Occlusion, Blood Coagulation and Lipid Profile".Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- Effects of Cytokines (or Activating Factors) on Arterial Endothelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Fortilin deficiency induces anti-atherosclerotic phenotypes in macrophages and protects hypercholesterolemic mice against atherosclerosis.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Follicular Helper T Cells: Potential Interventional Targets in Atherosclerosis.Journal of immunology research · 2025Review
- Local adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis with T cell activation by aortic dendritic cells accelerates pathogenesis.iScience · 2024Article
- T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- T-Cell/B-Cell Interactions in Atherosclerosis.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2024Review
- Macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Discovering Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Insights from Pathogenic Pathways to Clinical Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Polymorphism of IL-12/IL-23 axis is associated with coronary heart disease.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Article
- The role of immune cells in different stages of atherosclerosis.International journal of medical sciences · 2024Review
- The role of M1/M2 macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis of obesity-related kidney disease and related pathologies.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Cells in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Cellular Senescence from Basic Science to Clinical Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- IL-4 and IL-13 induce equivalent expression of traditional M2 markers and modulation of reactive oxygen species in human macrophages.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Impact of Immunity on Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Pathogenic Interplay and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Accumulation of T cells and macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques and the formation of antibodies directed against plaque proteins suggests that adaptive immunity contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. The contribution of Th1 and Th2 helper cell subsets to atherogenesis was studied in a murine model by interbreeding apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice with mice deficient in key cytokines that drive either Th1 responses [interleukin (IL)-12] or Th2 responses (IL-4). Compared to apoE(-/-) mice, apoE(-/-)/IL-12(-/-) mice had a 52% reduction in plaque area in the aortic root at 30 weeks of age (P < 0.001). ApoE(-/-)/IL-4(-/-) mice had a 27% reduction in plaque area compared to apoE(-/-) mice (P < 0.05) at 30 weeks of age, but their plaques were significantly larger than in apoE(-/-)/IL-12(-/-) mice at this stage (P < 0.05). By 45 weeks of age, there were no significant differences in lesion sizes in the aortic root between the strains, however apoE(-/-)/IL-4(-/-) mice showed a 58% and 64% decrease in disease in their aortic arch compared to apoE(-/-) (P < 0.05) and apoE(-/-)/IL-12(-/-) (P < 0.05) mice, respectively, and a 78% decrease in thoracic lesions compared to apoE(-/-)/IL-12(-/-) (P < 0.05). This suggests that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines play roles throughout the development of atherosclerosis in various vascular sites in apoE(-/-) mice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.