ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology2003
Presence of activatable Shiga toxin genotype (stx(2d)) in Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli from livestock sources.
Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Excess A-subunits of Shiga toxin 2a are produced in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial growth promoters approved in food-producing animals in South Africa induce shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages from Escherichia coli O157:H7.Gut pathogens · 2023Article
- Prophage induction, but not production of phage particles, is required for lethal disease in a microbiome-replete murine model of enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Shiga Toxin Subtypes of Non-O157Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Multiplex PCR for simultaneous identification of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in food.3 Biotech · 2016Article
- A novel multiplex PCR method for the detection of virulence-associated genes of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food.3 Biotech · 2016Article
- The ability of an attaching and effacing pathogen to trigger localized actin assembly contributes to virulence by promoting mucosal attachment.Cellular microbiology · 2014Article
- Emerging types of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O178 present in cattle, deer, and humans from Argentina and Germany.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2014Article
- A novel murine infection model for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2012Article
- Multicenter evaluation of a sequence-based protocol for subtyping Shiga toxins and standardizing Stx nomenclature.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2012Article
- Prevalence and characterization of non-O157 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from commercial ground beef in the United States.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Verotoxins in bovine and meat verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates: type, number of variants, and relationship to cytotoxicity.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Presence and characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and other potentially diarrheagenic E. coli strains in retail meats.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2010Article
- Molecular analysis of virulence profiles and Shiga toxin genes in food-borne Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2009Article
- Shiga toxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and hemolysin repertoires in clinical Escherichia coli O91 isolates.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2009Article
- Identification and characterization of Shiga toxin type 2 variants in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, food, and humans.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2008Article
- Identification of human-pathogenic strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from food by a combination of serotyping and molecular typing of Shiga toxin genes.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2007Article
- Serotypes and virulence gene profiles of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from feces of pasture-fed and lot-fed sheep.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2004Article
- Detection of E. coli O157:H7 and Shigella dysenteriae toxins in clinical samples by PCR-ELISA.The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious DiseasesArticle
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stx2d is a recently described Shiga toxin whose cytotoxicity is activated 10- to 1000-fold by the elastase present in mouse or human intestinal mucus. We examined Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from food and livestock sources for the presence of activatable stx(2d). The stx(2) operons of STEC were first analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and categorized as stx(2), stx(2c vha), stx(2c vhb), or stx(2d EH250). Subsequently, the stx(2c vha) and stx(2c vhb) operons were screened for the absence of a PstI site in the stx(2A) subunit gene, a restriction site polymorphism which is a predictive indicator for the stx(2d) (activatable) genotype. Twelve STEC isolates carrying putative stx(2d) operons were identified, and nucleotide sequencing was used to confirm the identification of these operons as stx(2d). The complete nucleotide sequences of seven representative stx(2d) operons were determined. Shiga toxin expression in stx(2d) isolates was confirmed by immunoblotting. stx(2d) isolates were induced for the production of bacteriophages carrying stx. Two isolates were able to produce bacteriophages phi1662a and phi1720a carrying the stx(2d) operons. RFLP analysis of bacteriophage genomic DNA revealed that phi1662a and phi1720a were highly related to each other; however, the DNA sequences of these two stx(2d) operons were distinct. The STEC strains carrying these operons were isolated from retail ground beef. Surveillance for STEC strains expressing activatable Stx2d Shiga toxin among clinical cases may indicate the significance of this toxin subtype to human health.
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