ArticleJournal of virology2003
The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex.
Article in Journal of virology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05648110 (A Phase I/III Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Safety, Efficacy and Neutralizing Activity of AZD5156/AZD3152 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Participants With Conditions Causing Immune Impairment. Sub-study), which is not on this map. Cited by 890 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase I/III Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Safety, Efficacy and Neutralizing Activity of AZD5156/AZD3152 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Participants With Conditions Causing Immune Impairment. Sub-study: Phase II Open Label Sub-study to Evaluate the Safety, PK, and Neutralizing Activity of AZD3152 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19
Who cites it
890 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,568 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and post-vaccination severity: a systematic review.Immunologic research · 2024Pooled it
- Review: A systematic review of virus-like particles of coronavirus: Assembly, generation, chimerism and their application in basic research and in the clinic.International journal of biological macromolecules · 2022Pooled it
- Double-Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Feline Coronavirus Infection.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Disulfide bonds stabilize the SARS-CoV-2 RBD and preserve binding to ACE2 following thermal denaturation.Bioscience reports · 2026Article
- Establishment of a blocking ELISA for assessing neutralizing antibody levels against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Monoclonal antibodies target conserved S1mBio · 2026Article
- Structural dynamics and allosteric communication of a SARS-like bat coronavirus spike glycoprotein.Biophysical journal · 2026Article
- Structural and functional characterization of a conserved cryptic epitope on SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 subunit.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Egg Yolk Antibodies Elicited by a Novel Multi-Epitope Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccine Against Genotype G2b PEDV Spike Protein Reduce Mortality and Viral Shedding in Passively Immunized Piglets.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Computational design of an ultrapotent deltacoronavirus miniprotein inhibitor.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Structural basis for sarbecovirus Rc-o319 spike adaptation to Rhinolophus cornutus Bat ACE2 and constraints on switching to human ACE2.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Beyond assembly: functions of the coronavirus M protein.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Evasion of humoral immune responses by a key mutational region of the S2 subunit in PEDV variants.mBio · 2026Article
- Structural mimics of SARS-CoV-2.Infection · 2026Review
- Design and Characterization of an HRC-Derived Peptide Inhibitor of Canine Coronavirus Spike-Mediated Fusion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- AI-guided prefusion stabilization of the human coronavirus OC43 spike protein enables universal embecovirus antigen design.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Mutations to the HCoV-229E spike have counterbalancing effects on serum antibody neutralization and receptor binding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein XBB.1.5 Mutations Altered Four Conserved Antigenic Determinants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- In Silico Ligand-Based Screening of PDB Database for Searching Unique Motifs Against SARS-CoV-2.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Trivalent mRNA-LNP Vaccine Induces Robust Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Mice: Preclinical Evaluation for Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
830 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus entry is mediated by the viral spike (S) glycoprotein. The 180-kDa oligomeric S protein of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 is posttranslationally cleaved into an S1 receptor binding unit and an S2 membrane fusion unit. The latter is thought to contain an internal fusion peptide and has two 4,3 hydrophobic (heptad) repeat regions designated HR1 and HR2. HR2 is located close to the membrane anchor, and HR1 is some 170 amino acids (aa) upstream of it. Heptad repeat (HR) regions are found in fusion proteins of many different viruses and form an important characteristic of class I viral fusion proteins. We investigated the role of these regions in coronavirus membrane fusion. Peptides HR1 (96 aa) and HR2 (39 aa), corresponding to the HR1 and HR2 regions, were produced in Escherichia coli. When mixed together, the two peptides were found to assemble into an extremely stable oligomeric complex. Both on their own and within the complex, the peptides were highly alpha helical. Electron microscopic analysis of the complex revealed a rod-like structure approximately 14.5 nm in length. Limited proteolysis in combination with mass spectrometry indicated that HR1 and HR2 occur in the complex in an antiparallel fashion. In the native protein, such a conformation would bring the proposed fusion peptide, located in the N-terminal domain of HR1, and the transmembrane anchor into close proximity. Using biological assays, the HR2 peptide was shown to be a potent inhibitor of virus entry into the cell, as well as of cell-cell fusion. Both biochemical and functional data show that the coronavirus spike protein is a class I viral fusion protein.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.