ArticleInfection and immunity2003
Survival, replication, and antibody susceptibility of Ehrlichia chaffeensis outside of host cells.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Immunophenotypical and pathological changes in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2022Article
- B-Cells and Antibodies as Contributors to Effector Immune Responses in Tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Ehrlichia chaffeensis Outer Membrane Protein 1-Specific Human Antibody-Mediated Immunity Is Defined by Intracellular TRIM21-Dependent Innate Immune Activation and Extracellular Neutralization.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- CD11c+ T-bet+ memory B cells: Immune maintenance during chronic infection and inflammation?Cellular immunology · 2017Review
- Protein array identification of protein markers for serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- A re-evaluation of the role of B cells in protective immunity to Chlamydia infection.Immunology letters · 2015Review
- B cells and antibodies in the defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.Immunological reviews · 2015Review
- The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.Seminars in immunology · 2014Review
- Targeted and random mutagenesis of Ehrlichia chaffeensis for the identification of genes required for in vivo infection.PLoS pathogens · 2013Article
- The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2013Review
- Molecular basis of antibody mediated immunity against Ehrlichia chaffeensis involves species-specific linear epitopes in tandem repeat proteins.Microbes and infection · 2012Article
- Classical labeling of bacterial pathogens according to their lifestyle in the host: inconsistencies and alternatives.Frontiers in microbiology · 2012Article
- An assessment of whole blood and fractions by nested PCR as a DNA source for diagnosing canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2012Article
- Socially transmitted gut microbiota protect bumble bees against an intestinal parasite.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2011Article
- Exit mechanisms of the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia.PloS one · 2010Article
- Correlation between bioluminescence and bacterial burden in passively protected mice challenged with a recombinant bioluminescent M49 group A streptococcus Strain.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- IgM in microbial infections: taken for granted?Immunology letters · 2009Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an obligate intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium, is susceptible to antibody-mediated host defense, but the mechanism by which this occurs is not understood. One possible explanation is that antibodies directly access the bacteria in the extracellular environment of the host, perhaps during bacterial intercellular transfer. Accordingly, we investigated whether bacteria could be found outside of host cells during infection. Host cell-free plasma obtained from infected mice was found to contain ehrlichiae, and the host cell-free ehrlichiae readily transferred disease to susceptible SCID recipients. The host cell-free ehrlichiae were found during infection of both immunocompetent BALB/c and immunocompromised BALB/c-scid mice and reached levels as high as 10(8)/ml in plasma during persistent infection in SCID mice. Approximately 10% of the blood-borne bacteria were found outside of host cells. Although it is generally accepted that replication of ehrlichiae occurs only within host cells, the cell-free bacteria were shown to undergo DNA replication and cell division in vitro for 3 to 5 days when incubated at 37 degrees C in plasma. Paradoxically, both infectivity and virulence were lost after 24 h of ex vivo culture. The data indicate that E. chaffeensis is exposed to the extracellular milieu during infection, presumably during intercellular transfer, and reveal that these intracellular bacteria do not require the environment of the host cell for replication. Our findings reveal a possible mechanism by which antibodies can access the intracellular bacteria upon their release into the extracellular milieu and mediate host defense and also have implications for understanding the replication and transmission of this vector-borne pathogen.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.