ArticleJournal of structural and functional genomics2003
2R or not 2R: testing hypotheses of genome duplication in early vertebrates.
Article in Journal of structural and functional genomics, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- A comprehensive and accessible database of jawed-vertebrate ohnologs.Science advances · 2026Article
- Evolutionary history of the human multigene families reveals widespread gene duplications throughout the history of animals.BMC evolutionary biology · 2019Article
- Diversification of four human HOX gene clusters by step-wise evolution rather than ancient whole-genome duplications.Development genes and evolution · 2015Review
- The cytochrome P450 genesis locus: the origin and evolution of animal cytochrome P450s.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2013Article
- Duplication and maintenance of the Myb genes of vertebrate animals.Biology open · 2013Article
- Phylogenomic analyses reveal the evolutionary origin of the inhibin alpha-subunit, a unique TGFbeta superfamily antagonist.PloS one · 2010Article
- Piecemeal or big bangs: correlating the vertebrate evolution with proposed models of gene expansion events.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2010Article
- Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2010Review
- Expansion of the human mitochondrial proteome by intra- and inter-compartmental protein duplication.Genome biology · 2009Article
- Multiple chromosomal rearrangements structured the ancestral vertebrate Hox-bearing protochromosomes.PLoS genetics · 2009Article
- Are we degenerate tetraploids? More genomes, new facts.Biology direct · 2008Article
- Evolutionary consequences of a large duplication event in Trypanosoma brucei: chromosomes 4 and 8 are partial duplicons.BMC genomics · 2007Article
- Gene-interleaving patterns of synteny in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome: are they proof of an ancient genome duplication event?Biology direct · 2007Article
- Comparative genomics of vertebrate Fox cluster loci.BMC genomics · 2006Article
- En bloc duplications, mutation rates, and densities of amino acid changes clarify the evolution of vertebrate alpha-1,3/4-fucosyltransferases.Journal of molecular evolution · 2006Article
- Three rounds (1R/2R/3R) of genome duplications and the evolution of the glycolytic pathway in vertebrates.BMC biology · 2006Article
- Widespread genome duplications throughout the history of flowering plants.Genome research · 2006Article
- Evidence for Hox gene duplication in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a tetraploid model species.Journal of molecular evolution · 2005Article
- Article
- C-type lectin-like domains in Fugu rubripes.BMC genomics · 2004Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The widely popular hypothesis that there were two rounds of genome duplication by polyploidization early in vertebrate history (the 2R hypothesis) has been difficult to test until recently. Among the lines of evidence adduced in support of this hypothesis are relative genome size, relative gene number, and the existence of genomic regions putatively duplicated during polyploidization. The availability of sequence for a substantial portion of the human genome makes possible the first rigorous tests of this hypothesis. Comparison of gene family size in the human genome and in invertebrate genomes shows no evidence of a 4:1 ratio between vertebrates and invertebrates. Furthermore, explicit phylogenetic tests for the topology expected from two rounds of polyploidization have revealed alternative topologies in a substantial majority of human gene families. Likewise, phylogenetic analyses have shown that putatively duplicated genomic regions often include genes duplicated at widely different times over the evolution of life. The 2R hypothesis thus can be decisively rejected. Rather, current evidence favors a model of genome evolution in which tandem duplication, whether of genomic segments or of individual genes, predominates.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.