ArticleJAMA2003
Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer.
Article in JAMA, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 104 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Characterizing the Neural Substrates of Irritability in Women: an Experimental Neuroendocrine Model
A Mechanistic Examination of Continuous Cycle Oral Contractive Administration in Binge Eating
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 421 citations in OpenAlex.
- An overview of menopausal oestrogen-progestin hormone therapy and breast cancer risk.British journal of cancer · 2005Pooled it
- Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 position statement of The North American Menopause Society.Menopause (New York, N.Y.)Guideline
- Trial
- Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Oncology · 2012Trial
- The TU-025 keishibukuryogan clinical trial for hot flash management in postmenopausal women: results and lessons for future research.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2011Trial
- Trial
- The effect of Fucus vesiculosus, an edible brown seaweed, upon menstrual cycle length and hormonal status in three pre-menopausal women: a case report.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2004Trial
- Worse survival despite indolent features for triple-negative invasive lobular carcinoma: a Swedish nationwide registry-based study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: a scoping review.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Article
- Combination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and moxibustion restores cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian insufficiency by improving mitochondrial function and regulating mitophagy.Stem cell research & therapy · 2024Article
- Is There a Special Role for Ovarian Hormones in the Pathogenesis of Lobular Carcinoma?Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: A scoping review of the literature.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cell, a unique and promising alternative in the stem cell-based therapy for chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian insufficiency.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Review
- Host, reproductive, and lifestyle factors in relation to quantitative histologic metrics of the normal breast.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Article
- Time to surgery and survival in breast cancer.BMC surgery · 2022Article
- Multivariate analysis of independent roles of socioeconomic status, occupational physical activity, reproductive factors, and postmenopausal hormonal therapy in risk of breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Article
- Significance of the Estrogen Hormone and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Progression of Breast Cancer among Female.Archives of Razi Institute · 2022Review
- Premarin Reduces Neurodegeneration and Promotes Improvement of Function in an Animal Model of Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The estrogen receptor beta agonist liquiritigenin enhances the inhibitory effects of the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor RO 48-8071 on hormone-dependent breast-cancer growth.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Article
- The role of immune dysfunction in obesity-associated cancer risk, progression, and metastasis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2021Review
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextWomen using combined estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy (CHRT) have an increased risk of breast cancer; however, data on use for long durations and on risk associated with patterns of use are lacking.
objectiveTo evaluate relationships between durations and patterns of CHRT use and risk of breast cancer by histological type and hormone receptor status.
designPopulation-based case-control study.
settingThree counties in western Washington State.
participantsNine hundred seventy-five women 65-79 years of age diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from April 1, 1997, through May 31, 1999 (histology: 196 lobular cases, 656 ductal cases, 114 cases with other histological type, and 9 cases with an unspecified histological type; estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) status: 646 ER+/PR+ cases, 147 ER+/PR- cases, and 101 ER-/PR- cases [6 ER-/PR+ cases and 75 cases with unknown ER/PR status were not included in the analyses herein]) and 1007 population controls.
main outcome measuresRisks of invasive lobular, ductal, ER+/PR+, ER+/PR-, and ER-/PR- breast carcinomas.
resultsWomen using unopposed estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) (exclusive ERT use), even for 25 years or longer, had no appreciable increase in risk of breast cancer, although the associated odds ratios were not inconsistent with a possible small effect. Ever users of CHRT (includes CHRT users who also had used ERT) had a 1.7-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.2) increased risk of breast cancer, including a 2.7-fold (95% CI, 1.7-4.3) increased risk of invasive lobular carcinoma, a 1.5-fold (95% CI, 1.1-2.0) increased risk of invasive ductal carcinoma, and a 2.0-fold (95% CI, 1.5-2.7) increased risk of ER+/PR+ breast cancers. The increase in risk was greatest in those using CHRT for longer durations (users for 5-14.9 years and >or=15 years had 1.5-fold [95% CI, 1.0-2.3] and 1.6-fold [95% CI, 1.0-2.6] increases in risk of invasive ductal carcinoma, respectively, and 3.7-fold [95% CI, 2.0-6.6] and 2.6-fold [95% CI, 1.3-5.3] increases in risk of invasive lobular carcinoma, respectively. Associations of similar magnitudes were seen among users of both sequential and continuous CHRT. Risks of ER+/PR- and ER-/PR- tumors were not increased by use of any form of hormone replacement therapy; however, small numbers of these tumors limited power to detect possible associations.
conclusionThese data suggest that use of CHRT is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, particularly invasive lobular tumors, whether the progestin component was taken in a sequential or in a continuous manner.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.