Trial reportInfection and immunity2003
Intestinal and systemic immune responses to an oral cholera toxoid B subunit whole-cell vaccine administered during zinc supplementation.
Trial report in Infection and immunity, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral vaccines for preventing cholera.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2011Pooled it
- Daily preventive zinc supplementation increases the antibody response against pathogenic Escherichia coli in children with zinc insufficiency: a randomised controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Zinc supplementation in children with cholera in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2008Trial
- Geographic disparities impacting oral vaccine performance: Observations and future directions.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- Foods to deliver immune-supporting nutrients.Current opinion in food science · 2022Review
- Nutrition and immunity: lessons for COVID-19.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Review
- Low Levels of Few Micronutrients May Impact COVID-19 Disease Progression: An Observational Study on the First Wave.Metabolites · 2021Article
- Nutrition and immunity: lessons for COVID-19.Nutrition & diabetes · 2021Review
- Decreased performance of live attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccines in low-income settings: causes and contributing factors.Expert review of vaccines · 2018Review
- Zinc protects against Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli by acting on host tissues as well as on bacteria.BMC microbiology · 2014Article
- Zinc: Role in the management of diarrhea and cholera.World journal of clinical cases · 2013Review
- Gestational zinc deficiency impairs humoral and cellular immune responses to hepatitis B vaccination in offspring mice.PloS one · 2013Article
- Article
- A comparison of clinical and immunologic features in children and older patients hospitalized with severe cholera in Bangladesh.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2008Article
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2005Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Zinc plays a critical role in the normal functioning of the immune system. We investigated whether zinc sulfate administered orally to adult zinc-replete volunteers modulates systemic and intestinal immune responses to an oral killed cholera toxoid B subunit (CTB) whole-cell cholera vaccine. The 30 participants were immunized twice, with a 17-day interval. The vaccinees in the intervention group ingested 45 mg of elemental zinc thrice daily for 9 days starting 2 days before each vaccine dose. The median serum anti-CTB immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG responses from day 0 to day 30, i.e. after two vaccine doses, were 13-fold lower (P value for identical distribution, <0.005) in the zinc-supplemented compared to the nonsupplemented vaccinees. The median serum vibriocidal responses from baseline to after one (day 0 to day 17) and two (day 0 to day 30) vaccine doses were at least sixfold (P = 0.033) and fourfold (P = 0.091) higher, while the median fecal anti-CTB IgA response after two doses was estimated to be fourfold higher (P = 0.084) in the zinc-supplemented vaccinees. These observations show that zinc reduces the antitoxin and may enhance the antibacterial responses in serum. Zinc may also improve the intestinal antitoxin immune response. Oral zinc administration has the potential to modify critical immune responses to antigens applied to mucosal surfaces.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.