ArticleInfection and immunity2003
The secreted aspartyl proteinases Sap1 and Sap2 cause tissue damage in an in vitro model of vaginal candidiasis based on reconstituted human vaginal epithelium.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers.
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Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaginal microbiomes and their pertinent social context: a microbial ecological review proffering AMR-STI acquisition and emergence.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Antifungal activity of rhein against Candida albicans with insights into its mechanism of action.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Recent Advances in Studying In Vitro Drug Permeation Across Mucosal Membranes.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Vaginal Candida albicans infections: host-pathogen-microbiome interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Vaginal Transcriptional Signatures of the Neutrophil-Driven Immune Response Correlate With Clinical Severity During Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Article
- Monoclonal antibodies: From magic bullet to precision weapon.Molecular biomedicine · 2024Review
- Saps1-3 Antigens inInfectious disease reports · 2024Article
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- Vaginal irritation testing-prospects of human organotypic vaginal tissue culture models.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2024Review
- Secreted Aspartic Proteinases: Key Factors inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Characterization of intestinal fungal community diversity in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).AIDS research and therapy · 2024Article
- Inflammatory cytokine signalling in vulvovaginal candidiasis: a hot mess driving immunopathology.Oxford open immunology · 2024Review
- Exploring the effects of culture conditions on Yapsin (Open life sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Sequence Variation of Candida albicans Sap2 Enhances Fungal Pathogenicity via Complement Evasion and Macrophage M2-Like Phenotype Induction.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Virosome: An engineered virus for vaccine delivery.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Review
- Molecular association ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Pathogenesis and virulence ofVirulence · 2022Review
- Impaired amino acid uptake leads to global metabolic imbalance of Candida albicans biofilms.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2022Article
- Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps) contribute to the ability of Candida albicans to cause mucosal and disseminated infections. A model of vaginal candidiasis based on reconstituted human vaginal epithelium (RHVE) was used to study the expression and role of these C. albicans proteinases during infection and tissue damage of vaginal epithelium. Colonization of the RHVE by C. albicans SC5314 did not cause any visible epithelial damage 6 h after inoculation, although expression of SAP2, SAP9, and SAP10 was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR. However, significant epithelial damage was observed after 12 h, concomitant with the additional expression of SAP1, SAP4, and SAP5. Additional transcripts of SAP6 and SAP7 were detected at a later stage of the artificial infection (24 h). Similar SAP expression profiles were observed in three samples isolated from human patients with vaginal candidiasis. In experimental infection, secretion of antigens Sap1 to Sap6 by C. albicans was confirmed at the ultrastructural level by using polyclonal antisera raised against Sap1 to Sap6. Addition of the aspartyl proteinase inhibitors pepstatin A and the human immunodeficiency virus proteinase inhibitors ritonavir and amprenavir strongly reduced the tissue damage of the vaginal epithelia by C. albicans cells. Furthermore, SAP null mutants lacking either SAP1 or SAP2 had a drastically reduced potential to cause tissue damage even though SAP3, SAP4, and SAP7 were up-regulated in these mutants. In contrast the vaginopathic potential of mutants lacking SAP3 or SAP4 to SAP6 was not reduced compared to wild-type cells. These data provide further evidence for a crucial role of Sap1 and Sap2 in C. albicans vaginal infections.
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