ReviewCurrent neurology and neuroscience reports2003
Hit-Hit and hit-Run: viruses in the playing field of multiple sclerosis.
Review in Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virus-induced brain pathology and the neuroinflammation-inflammation continuum: the neurochemists view.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- Article
- Case report: Lympho-histiocytic meningoencephalitis with central nervous system vasculitis of unknown origin in three dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Bovine Meat and Milk Factors (BMMFs): Their Proposed Role in Common Human Cancers and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Cancers · 2021Review
- Canine Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin-The Search for Infectious Agents in the Cerebrospinal Fluid via Deep Sequencing.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Tetz's theory and law of longevity.Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften · 2018Article
- NF-κB and IRF1 Induce Endogenous Retrovirus K Expression via Interferon-Stimulated Response Elements in Its 5' Long Terminal Repeat.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Application of "Omics" Technologies for Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Neurological Infections.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2015Review
- The role of infections in the emergence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs): Compelling needs for novel strategies in the developing world.Journal of infection and public health · 2009Review
- SHP-1 deficiency and increased inflammatory gene expression in PBMCs of multiple sclerosis patients.Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology · 2008Article
- The role of Toll-like receptors in CNS response to microbial challenge.Journal of neurochemistry · 2006Review
- Human herpesvirus 6 and multiple sclerosis: a one-year follow-up study.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2006Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Viruses have been major players in the search for the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS). In support of the viral theory is the predominance of CD8+ T cells and class-I major histocompatibility complex in lesions, the powerful therapeutic effects of beta interferons, the ease of inducing demyelination in experimental models following virus challenge, and the documented examples of several human demyelinating diseases conclusively demonstrated to be of viral origin. We propose two hypotheses of how viruses may cause MS. In the "Hit-Hit" hypothesis, the virus persists or may be reactivated in the central nervous system (CNS). Injury is the result of direct viral damage and by an attempt of the immune response to clear the infectious agent. In the "Hit-Run" hypothesis, virus infects the periphery but never enters the CNS. The virus sets up an abnormal immunologic milieu for subsequent autoimmunity. In both scenarios, knowing the inciting virus would be expected to eliminate disease if the population were vaccinated to prevent infection. In the treatment of patients with fully established disease, the Hit-Hit hypothesis would require that antiviral agents enter the CNS and stop replication. In the case of the Hit-Run hypothesis, treatment of patients with established disease with antiviral agents would be futile.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.