ReviewJournal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia2002
The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution.
Review in Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal Vitamin D Status Correlates to Leukocyte Antigenic Responses in Breastfeeding Infants.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Human Milk as a Model for Next-Generation Infant Formula: Opportunities and Challenges.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Pancreatic Lymphatics in Health and Disease: Evolution, Embryology, and Neural Control.Lymphatics · 2026Article
- Article
- The Acari Hypothesis, VIII: the human apocrine-mammary-microbiota axis andFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Mammary Gland Development: A Review.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Classification of Breast Cancer Through the Perspective of Cell Identity Models.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Review
- Using Organoids to Tap Mammary Gland Diversity for Novel Insight.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2024Review
- Spatiotemporal modulation of growth factors directs the generation of multilineage mouse embryonic stem cell-derived mammary organoids.Developmental cell · 2024Article
- Expanding the evo-devo toolkit: generation of 3D mammary tissue from diverse mammals.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Cell-specific and shared regulatory elements control a multigene locus active in mammary and salivary glands.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Craniodental anatomy in Permian-Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes (Synapsida, Therapsida) as a gateway to defining mammalian soft tissue and behavioural traits.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Evo Devo of the Vertebrates Integument.Journal of developmental biology · 2023Review
- The Serotonergic System and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy and Lactation and the Implications of SSRI Use on the Maternal-Offspring Dyad.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2023Review
- Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Transcriptome Analysis of Goat Mammary Gland Tissue Reveals the Adaptive Strategies and Molecular Mechanisms of Lactation and Involution.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The role of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids under the impact of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human breast lesions.Medical molecular morphology · 2022Article
- Dynamic miRNA Landscape Links Mammary Gland Development to the Regulation of Milk Protein Expression in Mice.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Mammalian tumor-like organs. 1. The role of tumor-like normal organs and atypical tumor organs in the evolution of development (carcino-evo-devo).Infectious agents and cancer · 2022Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as vestigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammaliaforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.