ArticleJournal of virology2003
In vivo evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 toward increased pathogenicity through CXCR4-mediated killing of uninfected CD4 T cells.
Article in Journal of virology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Initiation of ART during early acute HIV infection preserves mucosal Th17 function and reverses HIV-related immune activation.PLoS pathogens · 2014Trial
- Suppression of dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 is associated with efficiency of CXCR4 use and baseline virus composition.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2008Trial
- Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells: Dual Agents in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Boosting human immunology: harnessing the potential of immune organoids.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Central Memory CD4 T Cells from Persons with HIV Accumulate DNA Content Defects During Proliferative Response.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2025Article
- Revealing leukocyte populations in human peri-implantitis and periodontitis using flow cytometry.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Article
- HIV infection.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Clearance of HIV-1 or SIV reservoirs by promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy: Targeting intracellular molecules in cure-directed strategies.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2022Review
- Wnt/β-Catenin Protects Lymphocytes from HIV-Mediated Apoptosis via Induction of Bcl-xL.Viruses · 2022Article
- 3D Tissue Explant and Single-Cell Suspension Organoid Culture Systems for Ex Vivo Drug Testing on Human Tonsil-Derived T Follicular Helper Cells.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Research Progress on the Relationship between the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Immune Reconstitution in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Comparison of miRNA Expression Profiles between HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages (MDMs) and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs).International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Clearance of HIV infection by selective elimination of host cells capable of producing HIV.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Complex human adenoid tissue-based ex vivo culture systems reveal anti-inflammatory drug effects on germinal center T and B cells.EBioMedicine · 2020Article
- HIV-1 and SIV Infection Are Associated with Early Loss of Lung Interstitial CD4+ T Cells and Dissemination of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Cell reports · 2019Article
- Distinct mechanisms regulate IL1B gene transcription in lymphoid CD4 T cells and monocytes.Cytokine · 2018Article
- Secondary lymphoid organ fibroblastic reticular cells mediate trans-infection of HIV-1 via CD44-hyaluronan interactions.Nature communications · 2018Article
- HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE and B differ in utilization of low levels of CCR5, Maraviroc susceptibility and potential N-glycosylation sites.Virology · 2017Article
- An Optimized and Validated Method for Isolation and Characterization of Lymphocytes from HIV+ Human Gut Biopsies.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2017Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The destruction of the immune system by progressive loss of CD4 T cells is the hallmark of AIDS. CCR5-dependent (R5) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates predominate in the early, asymptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection, while CXCR4-dependent (X4) isolates typically emerge at later stages, frequently coinciding with a rapid decline in CD4 T cells. Lymphocyte killing in vivo primarily occurs through apoptosis, but the importance of apoptosis of HIV-1-infected cells relative to apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells is controversial. Here we show that in human lymphoid tissues ex vivo, apoptosis of uninfected bystander CD4 T cells is a major mechanism of lymphocyte depletion caused by X4 HIV-1 strains but is only a minor mechanism of depletion by R5 strains. Further, X4 HIV-1-induced bystander apoptosis requires the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 with the CXCR4 coreceptor on CD4 T cells. These results emphasize the contribution of bystander apoptosis to HIV-1 cytotoxicity and suggest that in association with a coreceptor switch in HIV disease, T-cell killing evolves from an infection-restricted stage to generalized toxicity that involves a high degree of bystander apoptosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.