ArticleJournal of virology2003
Comparison of adjuvant efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant viruses expressing TH1 and TH2 cytokine genes.
Article in Journal of virology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epigenetic profiling reveals M1 macrophages as the primary drivers of trained immunity in HSV-1 latently infected mice.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Divergent roles of macrophage subsets, FoxP3, and IL-17A in HSV-1-induced CNS pathology.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- In the Absence of Type-1 IFN, HSV-1 LAT Increases γ34.5 Expression and Enhances Mortality in Infected Mice.Viruses · 2025Article
- IFNβ absence compensates for LAT functions in latency reactivation and T cell exhaustion.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- The anti-apoptotic function of HSV-1 LAT in neuronal cell cultures but not its function during reactivation correlates with expression of two small non-coding RNAs, sncRNA1&2.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Article
- Binding of herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) and HSV-1 gD affect reactivation but not latency levels.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Review
- Effect of a low temperature plasma knife on the treatment of chronic tonsillitis and its effect on T lymphocyte subsets.American journal of translational research · 2021Review
- Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Induce CNS Demyelination in an HSV-IL-2 Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.iScience · 2020Article
- Restoring Herpesvirus Entry Mediator (HVEM) Immune Function in HVEMJournal of virology · 2020Article
- The Absence of Lymphotoxin-α, a Herpesvirus Entry Mediator (HVEM) Ligand, Affects Herpes Simplex Virus 1 InfectionJournal of virology · 2019Article
- Article
- An M2 Rather than a TJournal of virology · 2018Article
- Roles of M1 and M2 Macrophages in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infectivity.Journal of virology · 2017Article
- Suppression of IL-12p70 formation by IL-2 or following macrophage depletion causes T-cell autoreactivity leading to CNS demyelination in HSV-1-infected mice.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- Interrelationship of Primary Virus Replication, Level of Latency, and Time to Reactivation in the Trigeminal Ganglia of Latently Infected Mice.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- CD8+ T Cells Play a Bystander Role in Mice Latently Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 1.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Batf3 deficiency is not critical for the generation of CD8α⁺ dendritic cells.Immunobiology · 2015Article
- Coregulatory interactions among CD8α dendritic cells, the latency-associated transcript, and programmed death 1 contribute to higher levels of herpes simplex virus 1 latency.Journal of virology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The adjuvant effects of cytokines in humoral and cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been examined in mice using HSV-1 recombinant viruses expressing murine interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) gene. Groups of naive BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with one or three doses of the HSV-1 recombinant viruses expressing IL-2, IL-4, or IFN-gamma or with parental control virus. Despite similar replication kinetics, these three recombinant viruses elicited different immune responses to HSV-1 on immunization. Immunization with the recombinant virus expressing IL-4 elicited a humoral response of greater magnitude than immunization with the recombinant viruses expressing IL-2 or IFN-gamma or with parental virus. In contrast, immunization with recombinant virus expressing IL-2 elicited a higher cytotoxic T-cell response than immunization with viruses expressing IL-4 or IFN-gamma. Stimulation in vitro of splenocytes obtained from the mice immunized with UV-inactivated HSV-1 McKrae resulted in a T(H)1 pattern of cytokine expression irrespective of the recombinant virus used in the immunization. As observed for the parental virus, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells contributed equally to the production of IL-2 by the splenocytes of mice immunized with any of the three recombinant viruses. However, the pattern of IFN-gamma production by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells differed according to the recombinant virus used. After lethal ocular challenge, all immunized mice were protected completely against death and manifestations of eye disease caused by HSV-1, which are typical responses in unimmunized mice. Mice immunized with IL-4-expressing virus cleared the virus from their eyes more rapidly than mice immunized with IL-2- or IFN-gamma-expressing virus. Taken together, our results suggest that, in contrast to IFN-gamma which did not exhibit an adjuvant effect, both IL-4 and IL-2 act as adjuvants in immunization with HSV, with IL-4 showing greater efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.