Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2003
Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01715077 (A Correlative Study of Melanoma Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes), which is not on this map. Cited by 410 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Correlative Study of Melanoma Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and Response to Ipilimumab
Who cites it
410 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 997 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Bibliometric analysis of knowledge maps and future trends of TIM-3 in cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Resisting Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Therapy: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- A Phase II Study of Potentiation of Pembrolizumab with Binimetinib and Bevacizumab in Refractory Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Trial
- Immune microenvironment modulation unmasks therapeutic benefit of radiotherapy and checkpoint inhibition.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2019Trial
- Unlocking the therapeutic potential of immuno-radiotherapy: insights from preclinical and clinical research.Oncoimmunology · 2026Review
- Systemic delivery of stealth adenoviral vector to reinvigorate antitumor immunity by PD-L1 genome editing and TIGIT/CD155 blocking.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- Radiotherapy and cytokines: A systems view of immunotherapy and toxicity (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Multiomics immune profiling of a patient-relevant orthotopic lung cancer model using SEPARATE-Seq.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Immune checkpoint molecules beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4: emerging targets in autoimmune diseases and cancer immunotherapy.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Prostate Cancer Therapy via Inhibition of Negative Immune Regulation.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Targeting the roots of myeloid malignancies with T cell receptors.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumors and lymphoma in the past 26 years (2000-2025).Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Hsp90Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The dynamic immune behavior of primary and metastatic ovarian carcinoma.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Article
- Plasticity of tumor cell immunogenicity: is it druggable?Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Multidimensional applications of prussian blue-based nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Cytokines in cancer.Cancer cell · 2025Review
- TNFAIP8L3 regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway affects the proportion of macrophages during tumor antigen presentation and affects the prognosis of ovarian cancer.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
350 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A large number of cancer-associated gene products evoke immune recognition, but host reactions rarely impede disease progression. The weak immunogenicity of nascent tumors contributes to this failure in host defense. Therapeutic vaccines that enhance dendritic cell presentation of cancer antigens increase specific cellular and humoral responses, thereby effectuating tumor destruction in some cases. The attenuation of T cell activation by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) further limits the potency of tumor immunity. In murine systems, the administration of antibodies that block CTLA-4 function inhibits the growth of moderately immunogenic tumors and, in combination with cancer vaccines, increases the rejection of poorly immunogenic tumors, albeit with a loss of tolerance to normal differentiation antigens. To gain a preliminary assessment of the biologic activity of antagonizing CTLA-4 function in humans, we infused a CTLA-4 blocking antibody (MDX-CTLA4) into nine previously immunized advanced cancer patients. MDX-CTLA4 stimulated extensive tumor necrosis with lymphocyte and granulocyte infiltrates in three of three metastatic melanoma patients and the reduction or stabilization of CA-125 levels in two of two metastatic ovarian carcinoma patients previously vaccinated with irradiated, autologous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor cells. MDX-CTLA4 did not elicit tumor necrosis in four of four metastatic melanoma patients previously immunized with defined melanosomal antigens. No serious toxicities directly attributable to the antibody were observed, although five of seven melanoma patients developed T cell reactivity to normal melanocytes. These findings suggest that CTLA-4 antibody blockade increases tumor immunity in some previously vaccinated cancer patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.