ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2003
Macrophage-derived factors stimulate optic nerve regeneration.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 223 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
223 citing papers in PubMed, 541 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dual role of microglia in glaucoma: Regulation of neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Myeloid HDAC3 deletion protects against traumatic optic injury.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- AxoMetric platform facilitates rapid and unbiased automated quantification of axon regeneration in tissue sections.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Synaptic control of retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- The rAAV2-ND1 gene therapy for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Evidence for Neuroprotective and Axonal Regenerative Activities of Different Inflammatory Cell Types After Optic Nerve Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Reawakening inflammation in the chronically injured spinal cord using lipopolysaccharide induces diverse microglial states.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- An improved method of transducing retinal ganglion cells using AAV via transpupillary injection in adult mouse eyes.Molecular vision · 2025Article
- Engineered bio-functional material-based nerve guide conduits for optic nerve regeneration: a view from the cellular perspective, challenges and the future outlook.Regenerative biomaterials · 2025Review
- In Vitro and In Vivo Methods for Studying Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Optic Nerve Regeneration.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Ocular neuroinflammatory response secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Tppp3 is a novel molecule for retinal ganglion cell identification and optic nerve regeneration.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2024Article
- Implantation of biomimetic polydopamine nanocomposite scaffold promotes optic nerve regeneration through modulating inhibitory microenvironment.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Knockout of Dectin-1 does not modify disease onset or progression in a MATR3 S85C knock-in mouse model of ALS.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Low-Dose LPS Modulates Microglia/Macrophages Phenotypic Transformation to Amplify Rehabilitation Effects in Chronic Spinal Cord Injured (CSCI) Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Toxic Advanced Glycation End-Products Inhibit Axonal Elongation Mediated by β-Tubulin Aggregation in Mice Optic Nerves.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Concept of Normativity in Multi-Omics Analysis of Axon Regeneration.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Cytokine polarized, alternatively activated bone marrow neutrophils drive axon regeneration.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Role of microglia/macrophage polarisation in intraocular diseases (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2024Review
163 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
After optic nerve injury in mature mammals, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are normally unable to regenerate their axons and undergo delayed apoptosis. However, if the lens is damaged at the time of nerve injury, many RGCs survive axotomy and regenerate their axons into the distal optic nerve. Lens injury induces macrophage activation, and we show here that factors secreted by macrophages stimulate RGCs to regenerate their axons. When macrophages were activated by intravitreal injections of Zymosan, a yeast cell wall preparation, the number of RGC axons regenerating into the distal optic nerve was even greater than after lens injury. These effects were further enhanced if Zymosan was injected 3 d after nerve crush. In a grafting paradigm, intravitreal Zymosan increased the number of RGCs that regenerated their axons through a 1.5 cm peripheral nerve graft twofold relative to uninjected controls and threefold if injections were delayed 3 d. In cell culture, media conditioned by activated macrophages stimulated adult rat RGCs to regenerate their axons; this effect was potentiated by a low molecular weight factor that is constitutively present in the vitreous humor. After gel-filtration chromatography, macrophage-derived proteins > or =30 kDa were found to be toxic to RGCs, whereas proteins <30 kDa reversed this toxicity and promoted axon regeneration. The protein(s) that stimulated axon growth is distinct from identified polypeptide trophic factors that were tested. Thus, macrophages produce proteins with both positive and negative effects on RGCs, and the effects of macrophages can be optimized by the timing of their activation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
12657687PMC6742044W2135551394What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.